6.4.4 Intlonelo Law and Public Inzala
Intlonelo uMthetho Inzala Public Iandisa Umgaqo Beneficence ngaphaya nxaxheba uphando ezithile ukuquka bonke abachaphazelekayo.
Umgaqo wesine kunye wokugqibela ongakhokela ukucinga kwakho kukuhlonela uMthetho kunye nomdla woluntu. Lo mgaqo uvela kwiNgxelo ye-Menlo, ngoko ke ingaba yayaziwa kakhulu kubaphandi bezenhlalakahle. I-Report ye-Menlo ichaza ukuba umgaqo wokuhlonipha uMthetho kunye nomdla woluntu uchanekile kumgaqo woBuhlomulo, kodwa ukwaxela ukuba lowo owayengaphambili ufanelwe ukuba acingisise ngokucacileyo. Ngokukodwa, ngelixa i-Beneficence ithambekele ekugxininiseni kubathathi-nxaxheba, ukuhlonipha uMthetho kunye noLuntu kukhuthaza ngokucacileyo abaphandi ukuba bathathe uluvo olubanzi kunye nokubandakanya umthetho kwiingqalelo zabo.
KwiNgxelo ye-Menlo, iNhlonipho yoMthetho kunye nenxaxheba yoluntu inamacandelo amabini ahlukeneyo: (1) ukuthotyelwa kunye (2) nokuphendula ngokucacileyo. Ukuthobela kuthetha ukuba abaphandi kufuneka bazame ukuchonga nokuthobela imithetho efanelekileyo, izivumelwano kunye nemigangatho yenkonzo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuthotyelwa kuthetha ukuba umphandi ocinga ngokucoca umxholo wewebhusayithi kufuneka afunde kwaye acinge ngesivumelwano semvumelwano-yesevisi yelo bhsayithi. Noko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba kukho imeko apho kuvunyelwe ukuphula imithetho yeenkonzo; khumbula, ukuhlonipha uMthetho kunye nenxaxheba yoluntu ngumnye wemigaqo emine. Ngokomzekelo, ngelo xesha, bobabini iVerizon kunye ne-AT & T babenemigangatho yenkonzo eyathintela abathengi ukuba (Vaccaro et al. 2015) . Andicingi ukuba abaphandi akufanele bazibophezele ngokuzenzekelayo ngezivumelwano zemigangatho-yesevisi. Ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba abaphandi baphula izivumelwano zentsebenzo-magama, bafanele bachaze isigqibo sabo ngokucacileyo (bona umzekelo, Soeller et al. (2016) ), njengoko kucetyiswa ngokuphendula ngokucacileyo. Kodwa oku kuvulekisa abaphandi ukuba banonge ingozi yomthetho; e-United States, umzekelo, i-Computer fraud and Abuse Act ingenza kubekho mthethweni ukuphula imithetho yezivumelwano-nkonzo (Sandvig and Karahalios 2016; ??? ) . Kule ngxoxo emfutshane ibonisa, ukubandakanya ukuthotyelwa kwimiqathango yokuziphatha kunokuphakamisa imibuzo enzima.
Ukongezelela ekuthotyelweni, ukuhlonipha uMthetho kunye neNxaxheba yoluntu kukhuthaze nokuphendula ngokucacileyo, oku kuthetha ukuba abaphandi kufuneka bacacise ngeenjongo zabo, iindlela zabo kunye neziphumo kuzo zonke izigaba zophando lwabo kwaye bathathe uxanduva kwizenzo zabo. Enye indlela yokucinga nge-accountability-based accountability kukuba uzama ukuthintela uluntu ophanda ukwenza izinto ngasese. Olu xanduva lokunika ingxelo ngokucacileyo lubangela inxaxheba ebanzi kuluntu kwimpikiswano yokuziphatha, ebaluleke kuzo zombini izizathu zokuziphatha.
Ukusebenzisa umgaqo wokuhlonipha uMthetho kunye neNxaxheba yoluntu kulezi zifundo zintathu eziqwalaselwe apha zibonisa ezinye iingcaphephe abaphandi abajamelene nazo xa kuziwa kumthetho. Ngokomzekelo, Grimmelmann (2015) uthe umgudu wokunyamekela ngokomzwelo wawungekho mthethweni kwi-State of Maryland. Ngokukodwa, uMthetho weBhilimende we-Maryland House 917, ogqityiwe ngo-2002, wandisa ukukhuselwa okuqhelekileyo kuwo wonke uphando olwenziwe eMaldin, oluzimeleyo ngemithombo yenkxaso-mali (ezininzi iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ukuxhatshazwa komzwelo kwakungekho phantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo phantsi koMthetho we-Federal Law ngoba wawuqhutywe kwi-Facebook , isiko esingasifumana iimali zophando ezivela kuRhulumente wase-US). Nangona kunjalo, abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba i-Maryland House Bill 917 ngokwayo ayihambisani nomthetho (Grimmelmann 2015, 237–38) . Ukuqhuba abaphandi bezenzo abahlali abagwebi, ngoko ke abanakho ukuxhotyiswa ukuqonda nokuhlola umgaqo-siseko wemithetho yazo zonke i-50 zase-United States. Ezi zinkathazo zihlanganiswe kwiiprojekthi zehlabathi. Enye, umzekelo, babandakanye inxaxheba kumazwe angama-170, okwenza ukuthotyelwa komthetho kunzima kakhulu. Ekuphenduleni kwimeko engummangaliso, abaphandi banokuzuza kwi-review ye-ethical review of their work, kokubili njengomthombo weengcebiso malunga neemfuno zomthetho kunye nokukhuselwa komntu xa uphando lwabo lungekho mthethweni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zonke izifundo ezintathu zipapashile iziphumo zabo kumaphephancwadi ezifundo, okwenza ukuba i-accountability based based accountability. Enyanisweni, i-Contagion ye-Emotional yashicilelwa kwifomu yokufikelela evulekileyo, ngoko ke uluntu uphando kunye noluntu jikelele luyaziswa-emva koko-malunga nokuyila kunye neziphumo zophando. Enye indlela esheshayo kunye neyobuqhetseba yokuvavanya ukuphendula ngokucacileyo kukuzibuza: ngaba ndiza kukhululeka ukuba iinkqubo zam zophando zibhalwa malunga nephepha eliphambili lephephandaba lasekhaya lasekhaya? Ukuba impendulo ayikho, oko kukho uphawu lokuba uyilo lophando lwakho lungadinga utshintsho.
Ekugqibeleni, ingxelo yeBelmont kunye neNgxelo ye-Menlo iphakamisa imigaqo emine engasetyenziselwa ukuhlola uphando: Ukuhlonipha abantu, ukuNgcwaba, ubulungisa, nokuhlonipha uMthetho noMdla woluntu. Ukusebenzisa le migaqo emine ekusebenzeni akusoloko kuchanekileyo, kwaye kunokufuna ukulinganisa nzima. Ngokomzekelo, malunga nesigqibo sokuba ngaba bathathi-ntlanganiso besuka kwi-Emotional Contagion, kunokucatshangelwa ukuba ukuhlonipha abantu kunokukhuthaza ukuxoxwa, kodwa u-Beneficence uyayidumaza (ukuba ukuxoxwa kwezinto kungazilimaza). Akukho ndlela yokuzenzelela ngokumalunga nale migaqo-mpikiswano, kodwa imigaqo emine inceda ukucacisa ukurhweba kwezorhwebo, iphakamise utshintsho kwiinkalo zophando, kwaye yenza abaphandi bacacise ukuqiqa kwabo kunye noluntu.
