6.6.1 sanar yarda

Masu bincike ya kamata, za a iya, kuma kada ka bi mulki: wasu nau'i na amsa ga mafi yawan bincike.

Bayanin da aka sani ba shine wata hanyar da aka samo asali - wasu suna iya ganin wani abu mai kusa (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) -i'idodin bincike. Mafi sauƙi na bin ka'idojin bincike ya ce: "sanarwar izini don komai." Wannan mulkin mai sauki ba daidai ba ne da ka'idodi na yau da kullum, ka'idojin dabi'un, ko aikin bincike. Maimakon haka, masu bincike ya kamata, kuma za su bi bin doka mai rikitarwa: "wani nau'i na yarda ga mafi yawan bincike."

Na farko, domin ya wuce bayanan ra'ayoyi game da izinin sanarwar, ina so in gaya muku game da gwaje-gwaje na filin don nazarin nuna bambanci. A cikin waɗannan binciken, masu neman shaidar karya wadanda ke da nau'o'in halaye-sun ce wasu maza da wasu mata - suna neman ayyukan daban-daban. Idan mutum mai takarda ya karu da yawa sau da yawa, to, masu bincike zasu iya cewa akwai nuna bambanci a cikin tsarin haya. Don dalilan wannan babi, abu mafi mahimmanci game da waɗannan gwaje-gwaje shine cewa mahalarta a waɗannan gwaje-gwajen-masu daukan ma'aikata-ba su ba da izini ba. A gaskiya ma, waɗannan mahalarta suna yaudarar yaudara. Duk da haka, an gwada gwaje-gwajen filin nazarin nuna bambanci a kalla dalibai 117 a kasashe 17 (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .

Masu binciken da suka yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen filin bincike don nuna banbanci sun gano alamun hudu na waɗannan nazarin da suka hada da su, wanda ya halatta su: (1) cutar da aka yi wa ma'aikata; (2) babban amfani na zamantakewar al'umma da kasancewar nuna bambancin nuna bambanci; (3) rashin ƙarfi na wasu hanyoyi na nuna bambanci; da kuma (4) gaskiyar cewa yaudara ba ta saba wa ka'idojin wannan wuri (Riach and Rich 2004) . Dukkan waɗannan ka'idojin suna da mahimmanci, kuma idan wani daga cikinsu bai gamsu ba, shari'ar da ta dace zai zama ƙalubale. Uku daga cikin waɗannan siffofin za a iya samo su daga ka'idodin ka'ida a cikin Belmont Report: ƙananan lahani (Mutunta Mutum da Amfanin) da kuma babban amfani da rashin ƙarfi na wasu hanyoyi (Aminci da Adalci). Sakamakon karshe, ba tare da bambanci na al'ada ba, za a iya samo shi daga girmamawa na Menlo game da Dokar da Shari'a. A wasu kalmomi, aikace-aikacen aiki yana da wuri inda akwai yiwuwar yiwuwar yaudara. Saboda haka, waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ba su ƙazantar da wani wuri mai faɗi na al'ada ba.

Bugu da ƙari da wannan hujja ta tushen ka'idodin, yawancin IRBs sun maimaita cewa rashin yarda a cikin waɗannan nazarin daidai ne da dokokin da ake ciki, musamman Dokar Shari'a §46.116, sashi (d). A ƙarshe, kotu na Amurka sun goyi bayan rashin yarda da yin amfani da yaudara a gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwajen don auna nuna bambanci (No. 81-3029. Kotun daukaka kara na Ƙasar Amirka, ta bakwai). Saboda haka, yin amfani da gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwajen ba tare da izini ba daidai da ka'idodin ka'idodin da ke ciki da ka'idoji na yanzu (akalla dokoki a Amurka). Wannan dalili ya tallafa wa jama'a mai zurfi na bincike da zamantakewa, da dama daga cikin IRBs, da Kotun Kotu na Amurka. Saboda haka, dole ne mu ki amincewa da tsarin mai sauƙi "yardar izini don komai." Wannan ba ka'ida ce da masu bincike suke bi ba, kuma ba shine abin da ya kamata su bi ba.

Komawa "bayanan da aka ba da izini game da dukkanin" masu bincike masu binciken da ke da wata tambaya mai wuya: Wace irin tsari ne ake buƙata don irin waɗannan bincike? A halin da ake ciki, an yi ta muhawara game da wannan tambaya, ko da yake yawanci yana cikin yanayin bincike na likita a lokacin analog. Da yake taƙaita wannan muhawara, Nir Eyal (2012) ya rubuta cewa:

"The mafi m da baki, da more shi ne mai high-tasiri ko wani tabbatacce 'm rayuwa zabi', da more shi ne darajar-Laden da kuma rigima, da karin masu zaman kansu yankin na jiki da cewa baki kai tsaye rinjayar, da more conflicted da unsupervised da yin aiki, da hakan da bukatar robust informed yarda. A wasu lokatai, da bukatar sosai robust sanar yarda, kuma lalle ne, yarda da duk wani tsari, shi ne karami. A kan waɗanda lokatai, high halin kaka na iya sauƙi override cewa bukata. "[Ciki sammaci cire]

Abinda yake da muhimmanci daga wannan muhawara shi ne cewa sanarwar da aka ba da izini ba duka ba ne ko babu kome: akwai wasu nau'ikan da suka fi karfi da rashin ƙarfi. A wasu lokuta, yarda da izinin da aka ba da izini ya zama dole, amma a wasu, ƙananan nau'i na yarda yana iya dacewa. Na gaba, zan bayyana dalilai guda uku da yasa masu bincike zasuyi kokari don samun izini, kuma zan bayyana wasu zaɓuɓɓuka a waɗannan lokuta.

Na farko, wani lokacin tambayar mahalarta don samar da izini mai dadi zai iya ƙara haɗari da suke fuskanta. Alal misali, a cikin Encore, tambayar mutane da ke zaune a karkashin gwamnatoci masu tayar da hankali don samar da izini don amfani da kwamfutar su don yin la'akari da yin bincike kan Intanet zai iya sanya wadanda suka yarda da hadarin haɗari. Lokacin da izini ya kai ga haɗarin haɗari, masu bincike zasu iya tabbatar da cewa bayanin game da abin da suke yi shi ne jama'a kuma yana yiwuwa masu halartar su fita. Har ila yau, suna iya neman izinin daga kungiyoyin da ke wakiltar mahalarta (misali, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu).

Na biyu, wani lokacin da ya riga ya sanar da izini kafin nazarin ya fara yin sulhu akan darasin kimiyyar binciken. Alal misali, a cikin Conversion na Motsa jiki, idan mahalarta sun san cewa masu bincike suna yin gwaji game da motsin rai, wannan zai canza halin su. Karɓar bayani daga mahalarta, har ma da yaudarar su, ba abu ne wanda ba a sani ba a cikin bincike na zamantakewa, musamman ma a cikin gwaji a cikin ilimin halin mutum. Idan sanar da amsa ba zai yiwu kafin wani binciken fara, masu bincike iya (kuma yawanci yi) debrief mahalarta bayan da binciken ne kan. Magana akai ya hada da bayanin abin da ya faru da gaske, gyara duk wata cuta, da kuma samun yarda bayan gaskiyar. Akwai wasu muhawara, duk da haka, game da ko maganganu a gwaje-gwajen gwaje-gwaje ya dace, idan bayanin da kansa zai iya cutar da mahalarta (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .

Na uku, wasu lokuta yana da ban sha'awa don samun damar izini daga duk wanda ke nazarinka. Misali, kwatanta wani mai bincike da yake so ya yi nazari akan Bitcoin blockchain (Bitcoin shi ne crypto-currency da blockchain ne rikodin jama'a na dukan ma'amaloli na Bitcoin (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Abin takaici, ba zai yiwu a samu izini daga duk wanda ke amfani da Bitcoin ba saboda yawancin wadannan mutane ba sa sani ba. A wannan yanayin, mai bincike zai iya ƙoƙari ya tuntuɓi wani samfurin Bitcoin masu amfani kuma ya nemi izinin sanarwarsu.

Wadannan dalilai guda uku da yasa masu bincike baza su sami damar samun izini ba - haɗarin haɗari, sulhunta burin bincike, da ƙididdigar rikice-ba wai kawai dalilan da yasa masu bincike suke ƙoƙari su sami izini mai dadi ba. Kuma maganganun da na ba da shawara-sanar da jama'a game da bincike, bada izinin fita, neman yarda daga wasu kamfanoni, bambance-bambance, da neman yarda daga samfurin mahalarta-bazai yiwu ba a duk lokuta. Bugu da ƙari, ko da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka suna yiwuwa, ƙila su kasa isasshen karatun da aka ba su. Abin da waɗannan misalai suka nuna, duk da haka, wannan sanarwar da aka ba da izini ba kome ba ne, kuma maƙasudin saɓin zai iya inganta daidaitattun ilimin binciken da ba za a iya samun cikakken izini daga duk waɗanda ke da tasiri ba.

A ƙarshe, maimakon "sanarwar da aka ba da izini game da komai," masu bincike za su iya, kuma za su bi dokoki masu rikitarwa: "wani nau'i na yarda ga mafi yawan abubuwa." An bayyana shi dangane da ka'idodin, izini mai izini bai zama dole ba kuma bai isa ba ka'idodin girmama Mutum (Humphreys 2015, 102) . Bugu da ari, Mutunta Mutum shine ɗaya daga cikin ka'idodin da suke buƙatar daidaito yayin nazarin ka'idodin bincike; Bai kamata a shafe ta ba ta atomatik Aminci, Adalci, da kuma Kula da Shari'a da Harkokin Jama'a, wata maimaita ta maimaitawa ta hanyar masu bin doka a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata (Gillon 2015, 112–13) . An bayyana shi dangane da tsarin fasaha, sanarwar izini ga duk wani abu ne wanda yake da mummunan yanayin da ya faru da shi kamar yanayi na Bomb (duba sashe na 6.5).

A karshe, kamar yadda wani m al'amarin, idan kana la'akari da yin bincike ba tare da wani irin amsa, to, ya kamata ka san cewa ka kasance a cikin wani m wuri. Ka mai da hankali. Duba baya a da'a shaida cewa masu bincike sun yi domin a gudanar da gwaji karatu na nuna bambanci ba tare da yardarka. Shin gaskata a matsayin karfi? Saboda informed yarda ne tsakiya da yawa faduwa da'a theories, ya kamata ka san cewa za ka iya a kira a kan kare your yanke shawara.