4.1 Isingeniso

In the kusondela embozwe kude kangaka kule ukuziphatha ncwadi-kokubona (Isahluko 2) abuye abute imibuto (Isahluko 3) -researchers iqoqe idatha emayelana nalokho zemvelo emhlabeni. Le ndlela ehlanganiswa kulesi sahluko egijima nemaresiphi-ngokuyisisekelo ezahlukene. Lapho abacwaningi ukulinga, they ehlelekile angenelele emhlabeni ukudala idatha ukuthi Lifanele aphendvule imibuto mayelana nobudlelwano imbangela nemphumela.

Imbangela nomphumela imibuzo eyejwayelekile ucwaningo social, futhi izibonelo kuhlanganisa imibuzo enjengokuthi Ingabe okwandayo amaholo othisha 'ukwandisa umfundi ukufunda? Uyini umphumela wokuthululwa amaholo emisebenzi rates? ingabe uhlanga a umfakisicelo umsebenzi sika ukusebenza kanjani amathuba wakhe ukuthola umsebenzi? Ngaphezu zale mibuzo ngendlela eyingcaca esiyimbangela, ngezinye izikhathi kubangele nomphumela imibuzo ngokuphelele imibuzo kabanzi jikelele mayelana maximization ezinye metric ukusebenza. Ngokwesibonelo, umbuzo "Yini inkinobho umbala wengeze iminikelo NGO website site?" Is nempela imibuzo eminingi mayelana nomphumela ezahlukene inkinobho imibala eminikelweni.

Enye indlela ukuphendula imibuzo imbangela nemphumela ukubheka amaphetheni idatha ezikhona. Ngokwesibonelo, besebenzisa idatha kusuka izinkulungwane ezikoleni, ungase ukubala ukuthi abafundi bafunde okwengeziwe ezikoleni ezinikeza okusezingeni uthisha amaholo. Kodwa, ingabe lokhu ukuhlanganisa zibonisa ukuthi iholo enza abafundi beBhayibheli ukuba bafunde okwengeziwe? Vele akunjalo. Izikole lapho othisha uthole zehluka ngezindlela eziningi. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi ezikoleni high Uthisha amaholo kungase bavela emikhayeni acebile. Ngakho, yini libukeka umphumela othisha bakwazi ukuza nje ngokuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezahlukene abafundi. Lezi umehluko unmeasured emkhatsini abafundi zibizwa ngokuthi confounders, futhi bebonke, kungenzeka confounders ubangela umonakalo omkhulu abacwaningi lekukhona kuphendvula imibuto imbangela nemphumela ngokubheka amaphethini idatha ezikhona.

Omunye isixazululo kule nkinga ye confounders ukuzama ukwenza iziqhathaniso ukujabulisa ngokulungisa ukungefani Ukwethwasa phakathi kwala maqembu. Ngokwesibonelo, ungase ukwazi ukulanda idatha intela yempahla eziningi amawebhusayithi kahulumeni. Khona-ke, ungase uqhathanise ukusebenza umfundi ezikoleni lapho ekhaya amanani efanayo kodwa uthisha amaholo awafani, awukangazi ungase uthole ukuthi abafundi bafunde okwengeziwe etikolweni ephakeme pay uthisha. Kodwa, zikhona namanje confounders eziningi kunokwenzeka. Mhlawumbe abazali yalezi umfundi zingafani ezingeni wabo wokufundisa noma mhlawumbe ngalezi zikole zingafani abasondelana zabo ukuze yonke imitapo yolwazi yomphakathi noma mhlawumbe lo etikolweni ephakeme pay uthisha futhi babe eMoz for othishanhloko pay uthishanhloko, hhayi yabothishela, yilokho ngempela okufundiswa liyakhula ekufundeni student. Ungase uzame ukukala lezi ezinye izici kanye, kodwa uhlu confounders kungenzeka kusala engapheli. Ezimweni eziningi, wena nje awukwazi ukukala kanye ulungise for bonke confounders kungenzeka. Le ndlela ungakwazi nje wena kude kangaka.

A ikhambi elingcono lenkinga confounders iyasebenza ucwaningo. Izilingo unike amandla abacwaningi ukuba ngaphezu ubudlelwane obuncane e zemvelo idatha ukuze uphendule thembeke umbuzo imbangela nemphumela. In the age analog, ucwaningo kwakuvame logistically nzima futhi kuyabiza. Manje, kule age digital, izingqinamba yokudla basuke yaphela kancane kancane. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi kulula ingabe ucwaningo njengabakade abacwaningi baye abayenzile esikhathini esidlule, manje kungenzeka ukugijima izinhlobo ezintsha zocwaningo.

Kukuziphi Ngiye ebhaliwe kude kangaka Ingihlabe kancane okuxekethile ngolimi lwami, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezimbili: ucwaningo randomized kocwaningo. Ngo isilingo umcwaningi ungenela emhlabeni bese ulinganisa umphumela. Ngalalela le ndlela echazwe njengo "perturb futhi agcine." Leli su kuyaphumelela kakhulu emkhakheni wesayensi yemvelo, kodwa isayensi lezempilo nezenhlalo, kukhona enye indlela osebenzayo kangcono. Encwadini randomized ukuhlola umcwaningi ungenela for abanye abantu hhayi ngenxa yabanye, futhi, ngokuhlolisisa, umcwaningi unquma ukuthi iziphi abantu bamukele ukungenela eqenjini (isib, phezulu uhlamvu lwemali). Le nqubo kuqinisekisa ukuthi randomized kocwaningo ukudala iziqhathaniso fair phakathi kwamaqembu amabili: eyodwa ukuthi uye wathola ukungenela futhi lowo ongenakho. Ngamanye amazwi, randomized kocwaningo kukhona nekhambi lezinkinga confounders. Naphezu umehluko obalulekile phakathi ucwaningo randomized kocwaningo, abacwaningi social ngokuvamile ziyawasebenzisa la magama womabili. Ngizobuya ukulandela kulo mhlangano, kodwa, ezindaweni ezithile, ngizobuya aphule mhlangano ukuze agcizelele ukubaluleka randomized kocwaningo phezu kwenziwa ucwaningo ngaphandle eqenjini futhi iqembu control.

Randomized kocwaningo okuye kwenziwa kuye kwabonisa ukuba kube indlela enamandla ukuze ufunde mayelana nezwe social, futhi kulesi sahluko, Ngizonifundisa okwengeziwe mayelana nendlela ukuwasebenzisa ocwaningweni lwakho. ENgxenyeni 4.2, ngizobuya sifanekise logic eziyisisekelo zokucwaninga nge yisibonelo ukuhlolwa Wikipedia. Kwabe sekuthi ngo-Section 4.3, ngizobuya ukuchaza umehluko phakathi lab kwenziwa ucwaningo kanye ucwaningo emkhakheni nokungafani okukhona kwenziwa ucwaningo analog kanye ucwaningo digital. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngizobuya baphikise ngokuthi digital endle nemaresiphi angaletha izici best of analog lab nemaresiphi (control Friend) kanye ucwaningo analog field (ngokoqobo), konke at ngesilinganiso kwakungenakwenzeka ngaphambili. Okulandelayo, eSigabeni 4.4, ngizobuya ukuchaza imiqondo-kwemukeleka ezintathu, heterogeneity imiphumela yokwelashwa, kanye netindlela-letibalulekile kute ukuklama yenholo ecebile. Ngemva kwalokho background, ngizobuya ukuchaza ukudela okuthile okuhilelekile emaqhingeni ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwenza ucwaningo digital: nikwenza ngokwakho (Isigaba 4.5.1) noma ibambisene ne ezinamandla (Isigaba 4.5.2). Ekugcineni, mina ngizobe siyophetha ngenkulumo ezinye izeluleko design mayelana nendlela ungathatha ngokunenzuzo kulamandla ucwaningo digital (Isigaba 4.6.1) bese uchaze ezinye nomthwalo ukuthi amandla (Isigaba 4.6.2). Isahluko izokwethulwa okungenani ngento zezibalo kanye lulwimi loluhlelekile; abafundi nesithakazelo esisemthethweni more, ndlela zezibalo kukubuka kufanele futhi ufunde Technical iSithasiselo ekupheleni kwesahluko.