4.1 Whakataki

I roto i te huarahi hipoki pera tawhiti i roto i tenei whanonga pukapuka-mātakitaki (Chapter 2) me te pātai (Chapter 3) -researchers kohikohi raraunga e pā ana ki te mea kei te noatia puta i roto i te ao. Te huarahi hipoki i roto i tenei pene-rere ngā he-faufaa rerekē. A, no te rere kairangahau ngā, ratou pūnahanaha wawao i te ao ki te waihanga raraunga e te tano feunga ki whakautu pātai e pā ana ki te whanaungatanga take-a-pānga.

Meinga-a-pānga kei tino noa i roto i te rangahau pāpori pātai, me ngā tauira ngā pātai pērā i E whakanui ake utu kaiako 'ake i te ako ngā ākonga? He aha te mea te pānga o te utu iti i runga i reiti mahi? Nahea te whakapehapeha iwi o te kaitono mahi tona tupono noa o te whiwhi i te mahi? I tua atu ki enei pātai āta causal, meinga-a-pānga ētahi wā e te matū i roto i ngā pātai atu whānui e pā ana ki maximization o etahi ngahuru mahi pātai. Hei tauira, te pātai "pātene aha te tae, ka whakanui ô i runga i te paetukutuku pae NGO?" Ko te tino rota o ngā pātai e pā ana ki te pānga o te rerekē ngā tae pātene i runga i ngā takoha.

Ko e founga ki te whakautu i ngā pātai take-a-pānga ko ki te titiro hoki ngā tauira i roto i te raraunga tīariari. Hei tauira, te whakamahi i ngā raraunga i mano o ngā kura, kia tātai koe e ngā ākonga te ako atu i roto i ngā kura e whakaherea utu kaiako tiketike. Ko, e whakaatu tenei ine e meinga utu teitei ngā ākonga ki te ako atu? e kore o te akoranga. Ngā kura i reira kaiako whiwhi atu ai kia rerekē i roto i ara maha. Hei tauira, kia tae mai ngā ākonga i roto i ngā kura ki te utu kaiako tiketike i te mau utuafare apinganui. Ko te kupu, he aha titiro rite taea e tika mai i te pānga o ngā kaiako i te whakatairite momo rerekē o ngā ākonga. E huaina ēnei rerekētanga ki tua i waenganui i ngā ākonga confounders, a i ​​roto i te whānui, i te taea o confounders wreaks te kaitukino i runga i kairangahau kaha ki te whakautu i ngā pātai take-a-pānga mā te titiro hoki ngā tauira i roto i te raraunga tīariari.

Kotahi otinga ki te raruraru o confounders he ki te ngana ki te hanga whakataurite ataahua na roto i te whakatikatika mō ngā rerekētanga i waenganui i te rōpū. Hei tauira, kia taea ki te tiki raraunga tāke rawa i te maha o tukutuku kāwanatanga koutou. Na, i taea e whakarite koutou mahi ngā ākonga i roto i ngā kura i reira e rite utu kāinga engari he rerekē utu kaiako, a tonu e kitea ai e koe e ngā ākonga te ako atu i roto i ngā kura ki teitei utu kaiako. Ko, i reira e tonu maha confounders taea. Pea rerekē te mau metua o enei ākonga i roto i to ratou taumata o te mātauranga ranei pea kehekehe nga kura i roto i to ratou ofi ki whare pukapuka tūmatanui ranei pea nga kura ki teitei utu kaiako i hoki utu teitei mō ngā tumuaki me utu tumuaki, e kore utu kaiako, ko te tino te mea kei te piki haere akoranga o ngā ākonga. taea e koe tamata ki te ine i enei te tahi atu āhuatanga rite te pai, engari te rārangi o confounders taea he tino mutunga. I roto i te āhuatanga maha, koutou e kore e taea e tika te ine me te whakarite mo nga confounders taea katoa. Ka taea e tēnei huarahi te tango anake koe na tawhiti.

He otinga pai ki te raruraru o confounders Kei te rere ngā. Ngā taea kairangahau ki te neke tua atu i te correlations i roto i ka puta noa raraunga i roto i te tikanga ki te reliably whakahoki pātai take-a-pānga. I roto i te tau tairitenga, i maha ngā logistically uaua, me te utu. Na, i roto i te ao mamati, herenga logistical e āta memenge atu. E kore anake he māmā ki te mahi i kua mahi ngā rite aua kairangahau i roto i te mua, he mea taea inaianei ki te whakahaere i nga mea hou o ngā.

I roto i te mea kua tuhituhia e ahau kia tae noa kua kua e ahau he moka wewete i roto i toku reo, engari he mea nui ki te wehewehe i waenganui i rua nga mea: ngā me randomized ngā whakahaere. I roto i te whakamātau wawao te kairangahau i roto i te ao, me te ka ine i te putanga. kua rongo ahau i tenei huarahi fakamatala'i rite "perturb ka mau." Ko te tino whai hua i roto i te pūtaiao māori tenei rautaki, engari i roto i tikanga hauora me te pāpori, i reira he tetahi huarahi e mahi pai. I roto i te whakamātau e whakahaeretia randomized wawao te kairangahau mo te tahi mau iwi, me te kore hoki ētahi atu, me te, arohaehae, te kairangahau whakatau e farii i te iwi te wawaotanga i te Tupurangitanga (hei tauira, YUV he moni). Tenei tukanga āta e hanga randomized ngā whakahaere faaauraa ataahua i waenganui i rua ngā rōpū: kotahi kua riro e te wawaotanga me te tangata e kore e e. I roto i te mau parau te tahi atu, randomized ngā mana e te otinga ki te raruraru o confounders. Ahakoa te rerekētanga nui i waenganui i ngā, me randomized ngā mana, maha whakamahi kairangahau pāpori enei ngā whakawhitiwhiti te. Ka whai ahau i tenei tikanga, engari, i etahi ngā, ka whati i ahau te tairururaa ki te haapapu i te uara o randomized ngā mana i runga i ngā kahore Tupurangitanga me te rōpū mana.

Kua kï randomized ngā whakahaere ki te waiho i te ara kaha ki te ako e pā ana ki te ao pāpori, a i roto i tenei pene, ka whakaako koutou e ahau atu e pā ana ki te pehea, ki te whakamahi i ratou i roto i to koutou rangahau. I roto i te Tekiona 4.2, ka whakaatu ahau i te arorau taketake o te tamataraa ki te tauira o te whakamātau i runga i Wikipedia. Na, i roto i Tekiona 4.3, ka whakaahua ahau i te rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā taiwhanga, me ngā whakamātautau mara, me nga rerekētanga i waenganui i ngā tairitenga me ngā mamati. I tua atu, ka tautohe ahau e taea ngā mara mamati whakahere nga āhuatanga pai o ngā taiwhanga tairitenga (mana kikī) me ngā tairitenga mara (talena), katoa i te tauine e kore i e taea mua. Next, i Tekiona 4.4, ka whakaahua ahau e toru ngā ariā-tika, heterogeneity o pānga maimoatanga, me huarahi-e e tino mō te hoahoa ngā taonga. Ki te taua whakamārama, ka whakaahua ahau i te hokohoko-kētanga whai wāhi i roto i te rautaki matua e rua mō te whakahaere ngā mamati: mahi reira koe (Wāhanga 4.5.1) e mahi ki te kaha (Wāhanga 4.5.2) ranei. I te pae hopea, ka faaoti ahau ki etahi tohutohu hoahoa e pā ana ki te pehea koe e taea e tango i te rawa o te mana tūturu o ngā mamati (Wāhanga 4.6.1) me te whakaahua i etahi o te kawenga e tae mai ki taua mana (Wāhanga 4.6.2). Ka te pene e te aroaro ki te iti o te momotuhi pāngarau, me te reo ōkawa; kaipānui hiahia i roto i te, huarahi atu ōkawa pāngarau ki ngā kia korerotia ano hoki i te Hangarau Tāpiritanga i te mutunga o te pene.