Le mea e faitau i le isi

• Faatomuaga (vaega 2.1)

O le tasi o ituaiga o matauga e le aofia i totonu o lenei mataupu o le faʻafanua. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o faʻasologa o mea tau eletise i nofoaga numera, tagaʻi Boellstorff et al. (2012) , ma mo nisi faʻaopoopoga i luga o faʻasologa o mea tau eletise ma mea faʻapitoa, vaʻai Lane (2016) .

• Tele data (vaega 2.2)

E leai se faʻauigaga autasi o faʻamatalaga "tele data," ae tele faʻamatalaga e foliga mai e taulaʻi i le "3 V": voluma, ituaiga, ma le saoasaoa (eg, Japec et al. (2015) ). Tagai De Mauro et al. (2015) mo se toe iloiloga o faʻamatalaga.

O loʻu faaaofiaina o faʻamatalaga faʻatautaia a le malo i le vaega o faʻamatalaga tetele o se mea e le masani ai, e ui o isi na latou faia lenei mataupu, e aofia ai Legewie (2015) , Connelly et al. (2016) , ma Einav and Levin (2014) . Mo nisi faʻamatalaga e uiga i le tau o faʻamaumauga a le malo mo suʻesuʻega, tagaʻii le Card et al. (2010) , Adminstrative Data Taskforce (2012) , ma Grusky, Smeeding, and Snipp (2015) .

Mo le silasila i suʻesuʻega faʻatautaia mai totonu o le fuainumera o le fuainumera a le malo, ae maise lava le Ofisa o Fuainumera Faamauina a le US, vaai Jarmin and O'Hara (2016) . Mo se togafitiga umi o suʻesuʻega o faamaumauga o faamaumauga i Fuainumera Suetena, tagaʻi Wallgren and Wallgren (2007) .

I totonu o le mataupu, ou te faʻatusatusa puupuu ai se suʻesuʻega masani e pei o le General Social Survey (GSS) faʻatasi ai ma se sosaiete faʻamatalaga faʻasalalauga e pei o Twitter. Mo se faʻatusatusaga maeʻaeʻa ma le faʻaeteete i le va o suʻesuʻega faʻale-aganuʻu ma faʻamaumauga faʻasalalauga, ia tagai Schober et al. (2016) .

• Uiga masani o faamatalaga tetele (vaega 2.3)

O nei uiga e 10 o faʻamatalaga tele na faʻamatalaina i ni auala eseese e ala i le tele o tusitala eseese. Tusitusi na aʻafia ai loʻu mafaufau i nei mataupu e aofia ai Lazer et al. (2009) , Groves (2011) , Howison, Wiggins, and Crowston (2011) , boyd and Crawford (2012) , SJ Taylor (2013) , Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) , Golder and Macy (2014) , Ruths and Pfeffer (2014) , Tufekci (2014) , Sampson and Small (2015) , K. Lewis (2015b) , Lazer (2015) , Horton and Tambe (2015) , Japec et al. (2015) , ma Goldstone and Lupyan (2016) .

I lenei mataupu atoa, ua ou faaaogaina le fuaitau numera numera , lea ou te manatu e le tutusa. O le isi taimi lauiloa mo numera telefoni, o tulagavae o masini ata (Golder and Macy 2014) , ae pei ona faailoa mai e Hal Abelson, Ken Ledeen, ma Harry Lewis (2008) , o se faaupuga e sili atu ona talafeagai atonu o numera o numera . A e fatuina ni tulagavae, o loʻo e nofouta i mea o loʻo tutupu ma o ou tulagavae e le mafai ona masani mai ia te oe lava ia. E le tutusa foi lea tulaga mo au auala numera. O le mea moni, o loʻo e tuʻuina atu faʻataʻitaʻiga i taimi uma lava e itiiti ai sou iloa. Ma, e ui lava e le oi ai ou igoa i luga ia i latou, e masani lava ona fesoʻotaʻi atu ia te oe. I se isi faaupuga, e sili atu latou pei o tamatamailima: e le o vaaia ma iloa patino.

• Tele (vaega 2.3.1)

Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o le mafuaʻaga e faʻafitauli tele ai faʻamaumauga o fuainumera fuainumera, faʻafesoʻotaʻi M. Lin, Lucas, and Shmueli (2013) ma McFarland and McFarland (2015) . O nei mataupu e tatau ona taʻitaʻia ai le au suʻesuʻe ina ia faʻalauteleina le taua nai lo le taua o fuainumera.

Mo nisi faʻamatalaga e uiga i le auala na maua ai e Raj Chetty ma ana uo le avanoa i faamaumauga o lafoga, tagaʻi Mervis (2014) .

O faʻamaumauga tetele e mafai foi ona fatufatuina faʻafitauli faʻapitoa e sili atu i tua atu o gafatia o se komepiuta e tasi. O le mea lea, o tagata suʻesuʻe e faia faʻatautaia i luga o talafaʻamaumoa tele e masani ona faasalalauina le galuega i luga o le tele o komepiuta, o se faagasologa e taʻua i nisi taimi o polokalame e tutusa lelei . Mo se folasaga i polokalame tutusa, aemaise lava se gagana e igoa ia Hadoop, vaai Vo and Silvia (2016) .

• Faʻaauau (vaega 2.3.2)

Pe a mafaufau i taimi uma i luga o faʻamatalaga, e taua le mafaufau pe oe faʻatusatusa tutusa tagata tutusa i le taimi pe o oe faʻatusatusaina nisi suiga o vaega o tagata; vaai, mo se faataitaiga, Diaz et al. (2016) .

• E le faʻaaogaina (vaega ¿sec: e le o toe faʻaalia? )

O se tusi lauiloa i luga o faiga e le faʻaaogaina o Webb et al. (1966) . O faataitaiga i totonu o lena tusi na muamua atu i le tausaga numera, ae o loo latou malamalama pea. Mo faataitaiga o tagata o suia a latou amioga ona o le i ai o le tele o tagata asiasi, tagaʻi Penney (2016) ma Brayne (2014) .

O le gaoioi e fesoʻotai vavalalata ma mea ua taʻua e le au faifaʻatasi o aafiaga o manaoga (Orne 1962; Zizzo 2010) ma le aafiaga o Hawthorne (Adair 1984; Levitt and List 2011) .

• Le maeʻa (vaega 2.3.4)

Mo nisi faʻamatalaga tusitusia, tagaʻi Dunn (1946) ma Fellegi and Sunter (1969) (talafaasolopito) ma Larsen and Winkler (2014) (faʻaonapo nei). E tutusa foi auala na atinaeina ai i le faasaienisi komipiuta i lalo o igoa e pei o le faamauina o faamatalaga, faailoaina o mea, faaigoaina o igoa, kopi e lua, ma le kopi o faamaumauga (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . E i ai foi tulaga faalilolilo-faasao auala e faamaumau ai le sootaga lea e le manaomia ai le faasalalauina atu o le faailoaina o le tagata lava ia (Schnell 2013) . Ua fatuina foi e Facebook se faagasologa e fesootai ai a latou faamaumauga i le faiga o palota; na faia lenei mea e iloilo ai se suʻega o le a ou taʻu atu ia te oe e uiga i le mataupu 4 (Bond et al. 2012; Jones et al. 2013) .

Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o le faʻamaonia o le fale, tagaʻii le mataupu 3 o Shadish, Cook, and Campbell (2001) .

• Faʻasalaga (vaega 2.3.5)

Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i le AOL search log, see Ohm (2010) . Ou te ofoina atu fautuaga e uiga i le galulue faatasi ma kamupani ma malo i le mataupu 4 pe a ou faamatalaina ni suesuega. O nisi o tusitala na latou faaalia popolega e uiga i sailiiliga e faalagolago i faʻamatalaga e le mafai ona maua, silasila Huberman (2012) male boyd and Crawford (2012) .

O se tasi auala lelei mo suesue iunivesite e maua ai faamatalaga avanoa o le galulue i se kamupani e avea o se initeria po suesue asiasi. I le faaopoopo atu mafai faamatalaga avanoa, o le a fesoasoani foi lenei faagasologa o le suesue aoao atili e uiga i le auala na foafoaina ai le faamatalaga, lea e taua mo le auiliiliga.

E tusa ai ma le mauaina o faʻamatalaga i faʻamatalaga a le malo, Mervis (2014) faʻamatalaina le auala na maua ai e Raj Chetty ma ana paʻaga ia faamaumauga o lafoga na faʻaaogaina ia latou suʻesuʻega i luga o fegalegaleaiga lautele.

• Tagata e le o se sui (sec: e le o se sui)

Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i le talafaasolopito o le "sui" o se faʻataʻitaʻiga, tagaʻi Kruskal and Mosteller (1979a) , Kruskal and Mosteller (1979b) , Kruskal and Mosteller (1979c) , ma Kruskal and Mosteller (1980) .

O aʻu otootoga o le galuega a Snow ma le galuega a Doll ma Hill na puupuu. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o le galuega a Snow i le kolala, tagaʻi Freedman (1991) . Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o Fomaʻi Peretania Suesuega Doll et al. (2004) ma le Keating (2014) .

E toʻatele tagata suʻesuʻe o le a maofa i le iloa e ui lava na aoina e Doll ma Hill ia faʻamaumauga mai fomaʻi ma fomaʻi i lalo o le 35 tausaga, ae latou te leʻi faʻaaogaina lenei faʻamatalaga i la latou suʻega muamua. A o latou finau e faapea: "Talu ai o le kanesa o le susu e seasea ona maua i tamaitai ma alii i lalo o le 35, o fuainumera aoga e le mafai ona mauaina i nei vaega mo ni tausaga a sau. I lenei uluai lipoti, o le mea lea ua matou tosina atu ai o matou mafaufau i tagata ua taʻi 35 tausaga ma matutua atu. " Rothman, Gallacher, and Hatch (2013) , lea ei ai le faasinoala suafa" Aisea e tatau ona aloese ai le sui, "faia se finauga lautele mo le taua o fatuina ma le loto i ai faʻamatalaga e le faʻasino.

E le o se faʻasalalauga se faafitauli tele mo tagata suʻesuʻe ma malo e fia faia faʻamatalaga e uiga i le faitau aofaʻi o tagata. E le o se popolega mo kamupani, lea e masani ona taulai atu i luga o latou tagata faaaoga. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga e uiga i le fuainumera o Fuainumera Netherlands i le mataupu o le leai o se faʻamatalaga o faʻamatalaga tetele o pisinisi, tagaʻi Buelens et al. (2014) .

Mo faʻataʻitaʻiga a le au suʻesuʻe o loʻo faʻaalia popolega e uiga i le leai o se sui o faʻamaumauga autu tele, vaai boyd and Crawford (2012) , K. Lewis (2015b) , ma Hargittai (2015) .

Mo se faʻamatalaga auiliili atili o sini o suʻega faʻasalalau ma suʻesuʻega faʻamaʻi, tagai i le Keiding and Louis (2016) .

Mo nisi faʻamatalaga e uiga i taumafaiga e faʻaaoga le Twitter e faia ai faʻamatalaga e uiga i tagata palota, aemaise lava le mataupu mai le palota a le palemene 2009, tagaʻi Jungherr (2013) ma Jungherr (2015) . Mulimuli ane i le galuega a Tumasjan et al. (2010) tagata suʻesuʻe i le salafa o le lalolagi auala faʻapitoa-e pei o le faʻaaogaina o le faʻavasegaina o lagona e iloagofie ai le lelei ma le le lelei o faʻamatalaga a itu-ina ia faʻaleleia ai le mafai gafatia o Twitter e vaʻai ai ituaiga eseese o faiga palota (Gayo-Avello 2013; Jungherr 2015, chap. 7.) . O le auala lea Huberty (2015) aoteleina ai e Huberty (2015) iuga o nei taumafaiga e vaʻai ai i le palota:

"O metotia taʻiala uma ua faʻavaeina i luga o faʻasalalauga lautele ua le manuia pe a oʻo i lalo o le manaʻoga o le faʻataunuʻuina saʻo o le faiga palota. O nei toilalo e foliga mai e mafua ona o meatotino taua o ala o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele, nai lo aʻafiaga faʻapitoa poʻo algorithmic. I se aotelega, e le mafai e ala o faasalalauga lautele, ma atonu o le a le mafai, ofoina atu se tulaga mautu, foliga le mafaamatalaina, sui o le aufailota; ma faʻaogaina faʻataʻitaʻiga o ala o faasalalauga lautele e leai ni faʻamaumauga talafeagai e foia ai nei faafitauli pe a maeʻa. "

I le mataupu e 3, o le a ou faamatalaina le sampling ma le fua faatatau i se auiliiliga sili atu. E tusa lava pe leai ni faʻamatalaga faʻamatalaga, i lalo o ni aiaiga patino, e mafai ona fuaina i latou e maua ai ni tau faʻatatau.

• Faʻafefe (vaega ¿sec: vavae ese? )

E ese le faigata o le vaʻaia o le auala mai fafo. Ae ui i lea, o le ata o le MovieLens (faʻatalanoaina atili i le mataupu 4) na faʻatautaia mo le sili atu i le 15 tausaga e se vaega o suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa. O le mea lea, ua mafai ona latou tusia ma tufatufa atu faʻamatalaga e uiga i le auala na faʻaleleia ai le faiga i le taimi ma pe faʻapefea ona aʻafia ai le auiliiliga (Harper and Konstan 2015) .

O nisi o tagata atamamai ua taulai atu i le tafea i Twitter: Liu, Kliman-Silver, and Mislove (2014) ma Tufekci (2014) .

O le tasi auala e feutagaʻi ai ma le faʻafefe o tagata, o le fatuina lea o se vaega o tagata faʻaoga, lea e mafai ai e tagata suʻesuʻe ona suʻesuʻeina ia lava tagata i le tele o taimi, tagaʻi Diaz et al. (2016) .

• Algorithmically confounded (vaega ¿sec: algorithmically-confounded? )

Na ou faalogo muamua i le faaupuga "algorithmically confused" na faaaoga e Jon Kleinberg i se lauga, ae o le mea e leaga ai, ou te le manatua po o afea ae o fea na tuuina atu ai le lauga. O le taimi muamua na ou vaʻaia ai le taimi o loʻo lolomiina i Anderson et al. (2015) , o se talanoaga manaia pe faapefea ona faʻaogaina algorithms e faʻaaoga e tafaoga tafaoga faamasani i le mafai e le au suʻesuʻe ona faʻaaoga faʻamatalaga mai nei upega tafaʻilagi e suʻesuʻe ai mea e fiafia iai. O lenei popolega na siitia e K. Lewis (2015a) i le tali atu ia Anderson et al. (2014) .

I le faaopoopo atu i le Facebook, Twitter foi e fautuaina tagata mo tagata e mulimuli e faavae i luga o le manatu o le tapunia e tolu; tagai Su, Sharma, and Goel (2016) . O lea la o le maualuga o le tapunia faʻatapulaʻaina i le Twitter o se tuufaatasiga o nisi uiga faaletagata i le tapunia faʻatapulaʻaina ma nisi o mea faʻapitoa e faʻamalosia ai le tapunia o tausaga e tolu.

Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i le faʻatinoga-aemaise lava le manatu o nisi o suʻesuʻega faʻafesootai e le o ni 'auupega "(o lona uiga, latou te fausia le lalolagi nai lo na o le faʻamatalaina) -see Mackenzie (2008) .

• Mea leaga (vaega 2.3.9)

Faʻatonuina e le ofisa o fuainumera faamaumauina o faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga . De Waal, Puts, and Daas (2014) faʻamatala ni faʻataʻitaʻiga o fuainumera faʻataʻitaʻiga na atiaʻe mo faʻamaumauga suʻesuʻe ma suʻesuʻe le lautele o mea e fesoʻotaʻi i punaoa faʻamaumauga tele, ma Puts, Daas, and Waal (2015) loʻo iai nisi o manatu tutusa o se aufaʻatasi lautele.

Mo se aotelega o upega tafaʻilagi masani, vaʻavaʻai Ferrara et al. (2016) . Mo nisi o faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻesuʻega na taulaʻi atu i le sailia o le spam i le Twitter, tagaʻi Clark et al. (2016) ma Chu et al. (2012) . Mulimuli ane, Subrahmanian et al. (2016) faʻamatalaina iuga o le DARPA Twitter Bot Challenge, o se tuufaatasiga faʻatasi e faʻatusatusa auala mo le suʻeina o patipi i Twitter.

• Mafaufauga (vaega 2.3.10)

Ohm (2015) iloilo muamua suesuega i luga o le manatu o faamatalaga maʻaleʻale ma ofoina atu se suʻega tele-factor. O mea e fa o loʻo ia faʻaalia o le tele o le afaina, o le tulaga o le afaina, o le i ai o se mafutaga vavalalata, ma pe o faʻalavelave e atagia ai popolega ogaoga.

• Faʻatau mea (vaega 2.4.1)

O suʻesuʻega a Farber e uiga i taxis i Niu Ioka sa faʻavae i luga o se suʻesuʻega muamua a Camerer et al. (1997) lea na faʻaaogaina vaega eseese e tolu o faʻataʻitaʻiga o pepa malaga. O lenei suʻesuʻega muamua na iloa ai o avetaavale e foliga mai o ni tagata e taulai atu i ai: latou te le faigaluega i aso e maualuga atu ai a latou totogi.

I galuega mulimuli ane, ua toe suʻesuʻeina e le Tupu ma ana paaga le laupepa i le initaneti i Saina (King, Pan, and Roberts 2014, [@king_how_2016] ) . Mo se faʻatalatalanoaga e faʻatatau i le fuaina o le taufaasese i le initaneti i Saina, vaai Bamman, O'Connor, and Smith (2012) . Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i fuainumera fuainumera pei o le faʻaaogaina i le King, Pan, and Roberts (2013) e fuafua ai le lagona o le 11 miliona pou, silasila Hopkins and King (2010) . Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o le aʻoga vaavaaia, tagaʻii James et al. (2013) (laʻititi le poto faapitoa) ma Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (sili atu faʻapitoa).

• Faʻasalalauga ma le tuʻuina atu nei (vaega 2.4.2)

O le faʻatalanoaga o se vaega tele o saienisi faʻamatalaga tau alamanuia (Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier 2013; Provost and Fawcett 2013) . O se tasi o ituaiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga e masani ona faia e tagata suʻesuʻe i agafesootai o le faʻatalanoaina o tagata lautele; vaai, mo se faataitaiga, Raftery et al. (2012) .

Google Flu Trends e le o le uluai poloketi lea e faʻaaoga ai faʻamatalaga sailiili i le taimi nei e faʻateleina le faʻamaʻi pipisi. O le mea moni, o tagata suʻesuʻe i le Iunaite Setete (Polgreen et al. 2008; Ginsberg et al. 2009) ma Suetena (Hulth, Rydevik, and Linde 2009) ua latou iloa o nisi faaupuga saili (eg, "flu") o loʻo valoia ai le mataʻituina o le soifua maloloina lautele. faʻamatalaga ao leʻi faʻasaʻolotoina. Mulimuli ane, o le tele o isi atinaʻe ua taumafai e faʻaoga faʻamatalaga numera mo faʻamatalaga e mataʻituina ai faʻamaʻi; tagaʻi Althouse et al. (2015) mo se toe iloiloga.

I le faʻaopopo i le faʻaogaina o faʻamatalaga numera numera e faʻamaonia ai taunuʻuga tau soifua maloloina, ua i ai foi le tele o galuega e faʻaaoga ai le numera o faʻamatalaga a Twitter e vaʻai ai taunuʻuga o le palota; mo iloiloga ia Gayo-Avello (2011) , Gayo-Avello (2013) , Jungherr (2015) (mataupu 7), ma Huberty (2015) . O le tuʻuina atu o faʻataʻitaʻiga tau tamaoaiga, e pei o le tele o oloa i le lotoifale (GDP), e masani foʻi i totonu o faletupe autu, tagaʻi i le Bańbura et al. (2013) . laulau 2.8 e aofia ai ni nai faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻesuʻega e faʻaaogaina ai se ituaiga o numera numera e vaʻai ai i se ituaiga o mea na tutupu i le lalolagi.

I le mea mulimuli, Jon Kleinberg ma ana paʻaga (2015) ua faʻamalamalama mai o faafitauli tau faʻataʻatiaga e oʻo atu i ni vaega se lua, eseʻese ma e le gata i lea, o tagata suʻesuʻe faasaienisi e taulai atu i le tasi ae le amanaʻia le isi. Vaʻai faalemafaufau i le tasi tagata fai tulafono, o le a ou valaʻau ia Anna, o loʻo feagai ma se lamala ma e tatau ona filifili pe faʻafaigaluegaina se tagata faigaluega e faia se siva timu e faʻalautele ai le avanoa o le timu. O le isi tagata fai tulafono, o le a ou taʻua o Betty, e tatau ona filifili pe faʻaalu se faamalu e galue ai e aloese mai le susu i luga o le auala i le fale. E mafai e Ana ma Betty ona faia se filifiliga sili atu pe a latou malamalama i le tau, ae e tatau ona latou iloa mea eseese. E tatau ia Anna ona malamalama pe o le timu a le timu e mafua ai timuga. Betty, i le isi itu, e le manaʻomia ona malamalama i se mea e uiga i le mafuaʻaga; na o ia na te manaʻomia se faʻataʻitaʻiga tonu. E masani ona taulaʻi tagata suʻesuʻe i le faʻafitauli e pei o Anna-lea na valaʻauina e Kleinberg ma ana uo "faafitauli i le siva-pei" -e aofia ai fesili o le mafuaʻaga. Fesili e pei o le feagai ma Petty-lea Kleinberg ma ana uo e taua o faafitauli faʻaletulafono o le "faamalu-pei" -e mafai foi ona taua tele, ae ua itiiti le gauai mai tagata suʻesuʻe.

• Faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻatatau (vaega 2.4.3)

O le tusi talaaga PS Social Science na i ai se faʻasalalauga i luga o faʻamatalaga tetele, mafuaʻaga, ma aʻoaʻoga aloaia, ma Clark and Golder (2015) aotelega saofaga taitasi. O le tusi talaaga o le Proceedings a le National Academy of Sciences o le Iunaite Setete o Amerika sa i ai se tauaofiaga i luga o mafuaʻaga ma le tele o faamatalaga, ma o Shiffrin (2016) loʻo aoteleina saofaga taitasi. Mo auala e aʻoaʻo ai masini e taumafai ai e otometi ona maua ni faʻamatalaga masani i totonu o faʻamaumauga tetele, tagaʻi Jensen et al. (2008) , Sharma, Hofman, and Watts (2015) , ma Sharma, Hofman, and Watts (2016) .

E tusa ai ma faʻamatalaga masani, Dunning (2012) loʻo tuʻuina atu ai se faʻamuamua, faʻasologa umi o tusi ma le tele o faʻataʻitaʻiga. Mo se talitonuga le talitonu i suesuega masani, vaai Rosenzweig and Wolpin (2000) (tamaoaiga) poʻo Sekhon and Titiunik (2012) (faʻaupufai faaupufai). Deaton (2010) ma Heckman and Urzúa (2010) finau faapea o le tulimataʻi i suesuega masani e mafai ona taʻitaʻia ai le au suʻesuʻe ina ia faʻataʻitaʻiina le leai o ni aʻafiaga o mafuaʻaga; Imbens (2010) faʻafesoʻotaʻi nei finauga ma se manatu sili atu ona lelei i le taua o suʻesuʻega masani.

Aʻo faʻamatalaina le auala e mafai ai e se tagata suʻesuʻe ona alu mai le faʻatusatusaina o le aafiaga o le tuʻuina atu i le aafiaga o le tautua, na ou faʻamatalaina se metotia e taʻua o meafaigaluega faʻapitoa . Imbens and Rubin (2015) , ia latou mataupu 23 ma le 24, tuʻuina atu se folasaga ma faʻaaoga le ata o le lotoa o se faʻataʻitaʻiga. O le aafiaga o le tautua faamiliteli i luga o taʻavale e taʻua i nisi taimi o le faʻateleina o le mafuaʻaga o faʻamaʻi (CAcE) ma o nisi taimi o le togafiti o togafitiga i le lotoifale (LATE). Sovey and Green (2011) , Angrist and Krueger (2001) , ma Bollen (2012) ofoina mai ni iloiloga o le faʻaogaina o vailaau faʻasolosolo i fomai faaupufai, tamaoaiga, ma sosaiete, ma Sovey and Green (2011) Iloiloina o suʻesuʻega e faʻaaoga ai meafaigaluega eseese.

E foliga mai o le tala muamua o le lotoa o le 1970 e le o, i le mea moni ua tatau ona faatulagaina; sa i ai nai mea laiti mai le le lelei (Fienberg 1971) . Berinsky and Chatfield (2015) ua finau mai o lenei suiga laʻitiiti e le taua tele ma talanoaina le taua o le faʻataunuʻuina saʻo.

E tusa ai ma le fetaui, vaai Stuart (2010) mo se iloiloga lelei, ma Sekhon (2009) mo se iloiloga le mautonu. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga e pei o le teuteuina, tagaʻi Ho et al. (2007) . O le mauaina o se mea lelei atoatoa se tasi mo tagata taitoatasi e tele lava ina faigata, ma o loʻo faʻaalia ai se numera o faʻalavelave. Muamua, afai e le o maua saʻo ia matata, e tatau i tagata suʻesuʻe ona filifili pe faʻapefea ona fuaina le va i le va o le lua iunite ma pe afai e latalata le vaʻaia mamao. O se faʻalavelave lona lua e tulaʻi mai pe a mananao tagata suʻesuʻe e faʻaoga le tele o matches mo tulaga taʻitasi i le kulupu togafitiga, talu ai e mafai ona oʻo atu ai le faʻatusatusaga saʻo. O nei mataupu e lua, faapea foi ma isi, o loʻo faʻamatala auʻiliʻili i le mataupu 18 o Imbens and Rubin (2015) . Tagai foi Vaega II o ( ??? ) .

Vaʻai Dehejia and Wahba (1999) mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga pe mafai faapefea e metotia faʻafetaui ona maua tala faʻatusa e pei o nei mai se faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa faʻapitoa. Ae, silasila i Arceneaux, Gerber, and Green (2006) ma Arceneaux, Gerber, and Green (2010) mo ni faʻataʻitaʻiga pe a le mafai ona toe faʻaleleia se metotia faʻataʻitaʻiga.

Rosenbaum (2015) ma Hernán and Robins (2016) tuʻuina atu isi fautuaga mo le mauaina o faʻatusatusaga talafeagai i totonu o faʻamatalaga autu tetele.