6.5 Ob tug koom coj

Feem ntau cov sib cav tswv yim hais txog kev tshawb fawb ethics txo tau kom tsis sib haum ntawm consequentialism thiab deontology.

Cov plaub raug cai hauv paus ntsiab lus yog lawv tus kheej lom zem ntau los ntawm ob ntau paub daws teeb koom coj: consequentialism thiab deontology. Nkag siab txog cov coj yog yuav pab tau vim hais tias nws yuav pab tau koj paub thiab ces yog vim li cas hais txog ib tug ntawm feem ntau yog siv tensions nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ethics: thaum koj yuav siv uas unethical txhais tau tias mus cuag ib tug zoo kawg.

Consequentialism, uas muaj keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Jeremy Bentham thiab John Stuart Zeb, tsom rau noj tej yam uas ua rau zoo lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no (Sinnott-Armstrong 2014) . Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm beneficence, uas tsom rua ntsuas uas yuav muaj thiab cov kev pab, yog heev rooted nyob rau hauv consequentialist xav. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, deontology, uas muaj keeb kwm nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Emanu-es Kant, tsom rua kev cai hauj lwm, ywj siab ntawm lawv qhov yuav tshwm (Alexander and Moore 2015) . Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Respect rau Cov Neeg, uas tsom rua lub autonomy ntawm cov neeg, yog heev rooted nyob rau hauv deontological xav. Ib tug ceev thiab crude txoj kev uas yuav paub qhov txawv cov ob coj yog tias consequentialists siab rau xaus thiab deontologists siab rau txhais tau tias.

Mus saib yuav ua li cas no ob coj yuav txawv, xav txog kev tso cai. Ob leeg coj yuav siv tau los pab txhawb kev tso cai tab sis rau txawv yog vim li cas. Ib tug consequentialist sib cav rau kev tso cai yog hais tias nws yuav pab tiv thaiv kom txhob raug mob rau cov neeg los ntawm txwv tsis pub kev tshawb fawb uas tsis zoo sib npaug uas muaj feem yuav thiab muab kev pab. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, consequentialist xav yuav txhawb kev tso cai vim hais tias nws yuav pab tiv thaiv kom txhob phem tshwm sim rau cov neeg. Txawm li cas los, ib tug deontological sib cav rau kev tso cai qhia txog kev soj ntsuam ib tug lub luag hauj lwm mus hwm cov autonomy ntawm nws koom. Muab cov le caag, ib tug dawb huv consequentialist tej zaum yuav kam zam lub yuav tsum tau rau kev tso cai nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw uas muaj tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo, whereas ib tug dawb huv deontologist yuav tsis.

Ob consequentialism thiab deontology muaj ib qho tseem ceeb raug cai pom, tab sis txhua tus yuav raug coj mus rau absurd extremes. Rau consequentialism, ib yam ntawm cov huab yuav tau hu ua hloov. Xav txog tej yam ib tug kws kho mob uas muaj tsib cov neeg mob tuag ntawm hloov khoom nruab nrog tsis ua hauj lwm thiab ib tug noj qab nyob zoo tus neeg mob cov kabmob muaj peev xwm cawm tag nrho tsib. Nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob, ib tug consequenalist tus kws kho mob yuav tsum tso cai thiab txawm yuav tsum tau-mus tua cov noj qab nyob zoo tus neeg mob kom tau nws cov kabmob. Qhov no ua kom tiav kom pom tseeb rau ntawm xaus, tsis muaj kev xav txog txhais tau tias, yog flawed.

Ib yam li ntawd, deontology kuj yuav coj mus rau txawv txawv extremes, xws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav tsum tau hu ua Timebomb. Xav txog tej yam ib tug tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm uas tau ntes ib tug neeg ua phem uas paub qhov chaw ntawm ib tug ticking timebomb uas yuav tua lab tus tib neeg. Ib tug deontological tub ceev xwm tub ceev xwm yuav tsis dag nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntxias kom ib tug neeg ua phem rau hauv revealing qhov chaw ntawm lub foob pob. Qhov no ua kom tiav kom pom tseeb rau ntawm txhais tau tias, tsis muaj regards rau xaus, kuj yog flawed.

Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, feem ntau cov kev sib raug soj ntsuam implicitly puag ib tug blend ntawm cov ob raug cai coj. Noticing no blending ntawm koom tsev kawm ntawv yuav pab ntxiv yog vim li cas muaj ntau yam raug cai sib cav tswv yim-uas yuav tau ntawm cov neeg uas muaj ntau consequentialist thiab cov neeg uas muaj ntau deontological-don't ua npaum li cas kev kawm. Cov sib cav tswv yim tsis tshua daws vim hais tias consequentialists muaj lus sib cav txog xaus, cov lus sib cav uas tsis convincing rau deontologists uas muaj kev txhawj xeeb txog txhais tau tias. Ib yam li ntawd, deontologists yuav muaj lus sib cav txog txhais tau tias, uas yog tsis convincing rau consequentialists uas yog teem rau hnub. Sib ceg ntawm consequentialists thiab deontologists yog li ob tug ships dua nyob rau hauv lub hmo ntuj.

Ib lub tshuaj mus rau cov sib cav tswv yim yuav rau kev soj ntsuam los tsim ib tug zoo ib yam, lub neej dawb khoom, thiab yooj yim-rau-thov muab consequentialism thiab deontology. Tu siab, tus ntawd yog tsis zoo li yuav tshwm sim; philosophers tau ua hauj lwm rau cov teeb meem no rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Yog li ntawd, kuv xav tias cov xwb chav kawm ntawm kev txiav txim yog mus lees paub hais tias peb yog ua hauj lwm los ntawm inconsistent cov me nyuam yaus thiab muddle rau pem hauv ntej.