4.5.1.1 Siv uas twb muaj lawm kev kawm

Koj yuav khiav thwmsim hauv uas twb muaj lawm tej kev kawm, feem ntau tsis muaj coding los yog sib koom tes.

Uas tsim, qhov uas yooj yim txoj kev uas yuav ua cov thwmsim yog overlay koj xyaum ua tej yam nyob rau saum toj ntawm ib tug uas twb muaj lawm ib puag ncig, enabling koj khiav ib cov teb xyaum ua tej yam. Cov kev yuav tsum khiav ntawm ib tug tubntxhais loj scale thiab tsis yuav tsum tau koom tes nrog ib lub tuam txhab los yog kim heev software txoj kev loj hlob.

Piv txwv li, Jennifer Doleac thiab Lukas Stein (2013) coj kom zoo dua ntawm ib tug online kiab khw (eg, craigslist) khiav ib tug xyaum ua tej yam uas ntsuas haiv neeg kev ntxub ntxaug. Doleac thiab Stein advertised txhiab ntawm iPods, thiab los ntawm systematically ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg muag khoom, lawv twb tau kawm cov nyhuv ntawm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv nyiaj txiag muas. Ntxiv mus, Doleac thiab Stein siv lub scale ntawm lawv xyaum ua tej yam kwv yees thaum cov nyhuv loj (heterogeneity ntawm kev kho mob los) thiab muaj ib co tswv yim hais txog yog vim li cas cov nyhuv tej zaum yuav tshwm sim (mechanisms).

Ua ntej txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Doleac thiab Stein, muaj ob lub ntsiab le caag los experimentally ntsuas kev ntxub ntxaug. Nyob rau hauv xov xwm kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam tsim resumes ntawm cov zajlus neeg sib txawv haiv neeg thiab siv tau cov no resumes rau, piv txwv li, thov rau txawv cov hauj lwm. Bertrand thiab Mullainathan tus (2004) ntawv uas muaj cov nco title "Yog Emily thiab Greg Ntau Employable Tshaj Lakisha thiab Jamal? Ib tug teb Experiment rau Labor lag luam Kev Ntxub Ntxaug "yog ib tug zoo kawg nkaus lus piv txwv txog ib tug xov xwm txoj kev tshawb no. Xov xwm kev tshawb fawb muaj kuj tsis tshua muaj nqi ib soj, uas enables ib tug tib soj ntsuam mus sau txhiab tus pom nyob rau hauv ib tug raug txoj kev tshawb no. Tab sis, xov xwm kev tshawb fawb ntawm haiv neeg ntxub ntxaug tau raug liam vim hais tias cov npe uas teeb liab ntau yam nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub haiv neeg ntawm cov neeg thov kev pab. Uas yog, cov npe xws li Greg, Emily, Lakisha, thiab Jamal yuav co tes social hauv chav kawm nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd haiv neeg. Yog li, muaj qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv kev kho mob rau resumes ntawm Greg thiab Jamal tus tej zaum yuav vim ntau tshaj neb haiv neeg sib txawv ntawm cov neeg thov kev pab. Audit kev tshawb fawb, rau lwm cov tes, koom nrog ntiav lam sib txawv ntawm cov haiv neeg mus thov nyob rau hauv tus neeg rau cov hauj lwm. Txawm tias tshawb tshawb fawb muab ib tug ntshiab lub teeb liab ntawm neeg thov kev pab haiv neeg, lawv yog cov tsis tshua kim ib soj, uas txhais tau tias lawv feem ntau tsuas muaj pua pua ntawm cov tswvyim.

Nyob rau hauv lawv cov teb xyaum ua tej yam, Doleac thiab Stein twb tau los ua ib tug txaus nyiam hybrid. Lawv muaj peev xwm sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kuj tsis tshua muaj nqi ib soj-ua nyob rau hauv ntau txhiab pom (raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug xov xwm txoj kev tshawb no) -thiab lawv twb tau mus rau lub teeb liab haiv neeg siv duab-ua nyob rau hauv ib tug meej uncounfounded lub teeb liab ntawm haiv neeg (raws li nyob rau hauv ib tug tshawb txoj kev tshawb no ). Yog li, cov nyob hauv internet ib puag ncig tej zaum enables soj ntsuam los tsim tshiab kev kho mob uas muaj zog uas yog ib qho nyuaj los mus tsim lwm yam.

Lub iPod xwm ntawm Doleac thiab Stein varied nrog peb lub ntsiab qhov ntev. Xub thawj, lawv varied cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov neeg muag khoom, uas twb signaled los ntawm cov tes, yees nws duab tuav lub iPod [dawb, dub, dawb nrog tattoo] (Daim duab 4.12). Ob, lawv varied lub nug nqi [$ 90, $ 110, $ 130]. Peb, lawv varied qhov zoo ntawm cov ad ntawv nyeem [high-zoo thiab tsawg-zoo (xws li, tus ntawv loj kom raug thiab spelin uas tsis)]. Yog li ntawd, sau phau ntawv muaj ib tug 3 X 3 X 2 tsim uas twb deployed nyob ntau tshaj 300 lub zos ciaj uas muag xws li los ntawm txoj (xws li, Kokomo, NYOB RAU HAUV thiab North Platte, NE) rau mega-lub zos (xws li, New York thiab Los Angeles).

Xam 4.12: Ob txhais tes siv nyob rau hauv qhov xyaum ua tej ntawm Doleac thiab Stein (2013). iPods raug muag los ntawm sellers nrog sib txawv yam ntxwv los ntsuas kev ntxub ntxaug nyob rau hauv ib tug nyob hauv internet khw.

Xam 4.12: Ob txhais tes siv nyob rau hauv qhov xyaum ua tej ntawm Doleac and Stein (2013) . iPods raug muag los ntawm sellers nrog sib txawv yam ntxwv los ntsuas kev ntxub ntxaug nyob rau hauv ib tug nyob hauv internet khw.

Sim nyob rau tag nrho tej yam kev mob, tus ua tau twb zoo dua rau cov dawb muag khoom tshaj cov dub muag khoom, nrog rau cov tattooed muag khoom muaj intermediate tau. Piv txwv li, dawb sellers tau txais ntau muab thiab muaj siab kawg muag khoom nqi. Tshaj ntawd cov nruab nrab los, Doleac thiab Stein kwv yees li lub heterogeneity ntawm los. Piv txwv li, ib tug twv ua ntej ntawm lawm ziag no yog hais tias muaj kev ntxub ntxaug yuav tsis nyob rau hauv kev lag luam uas muaj ntau kev sib tw. Siv cov nab npawb ntawm cov muaj tau txais raws li ib tug tso cai rau kev ua lag luam sib tw, tus sau phau ntawv pom tias dub sellers xwb tau txais zuj zus muaj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam nrog ib tug tsawg degree ntawm kev sib tw. Ntxiv mus, los ntawm muab piv tau rau lub tawm nrog high-zoo thiab tsawg-zoo ntawv nyeem, Doleac thiab Stein pom tias ad zoo tsis cuam tshuam rau lub disadvantage nyuaj siab los ntawm cov xim dub thiab tattooed sellers. Thaum kawg, noj zoo dua ntawm lub fact tias cov xwm tau muab tso rau hauv ntau tshaj li 300 kev lag luam, tus sau phau ntawv nrhiav uas dub sellers ntau disadvantaged nyob rau hauv lub zos uas muaj kev ua txhaum cov nqi thiab cov siab thaj segregation. Tsis muaj leej twg cov tau muab rau peb ib tug leej to taub ntawm raws nraim yog vim li cas dub sellers muaj zuj zus tshwm sim, tab sis, thaum ua ke nrog cov kev tshwm sim ntawm lwm cov kev tshawb fawb, lawv yuav pib mus qhia theories txog cov ua haiv neeg kev ntxub ntxaug nyob rau hauv ntau hom nyiaj txiag muas.

Lwm cov piv txwv uas qhia tau hais tias cov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev soj ntsuam rau kev cov teb thwmsim nyob rau hauv uas twb muaj lawm systems yog cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Arnout van de Rijt thiab lug txhawb cov miv (2014) rau cov yuam sij rau kev kawm tau zoo. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntawm lub neej, seemingly zoo xws li cov neeg mus nrog sib txawv heev tshwm sim. Ib tug tau piav rau no qauv no yog hais tias me me-thiab yeej tseem zoo random-zoo yuav xauv-nyob rau hauv thiab loj hlob lub sij hawm, ib tug txheej txheem uas soj ntsuam hu cumulative kom zoo dua. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los txiav txim seb me me thawj zaug successes xauv-nyob rau hauv los yog ploj tam sim ntawd, van de Rijt thiab lug txhawb cov miv (2014) intervened rau hauv plaub txawv systems muab kev vam meej rau across xaiv neeg koom, thiab ces ntsuas lub sij hawm ntev impacts ntawm no arbitrary kev vam meej.

Dua, van de Rijt thiab lug txhawb cov miv 1) qhaib nyiaj mus across xaiv tej yaam num nyob rau hauv kickstarter.com , ib tug crowdfunding website; 2) zoo nyob across xaiv xyuas nyob rau hauv website epinions ; 3) muab khoom plig rau across xaiv contributors rau Wikipedia ; thiab 4) kos npe across xaiv petitions rau change.org . Cov soj ntsuam ntawm pom zoo heev tau thoob plaws tag nrho cov plaub tshuab: nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, cov neeg tuaj koom uas tau across muab ib co thaum ntxov kawm tau zoo mus rau kom muaj ntau tom ntej kev vam meej dua lawv cov tsis kiag li indistinguishable cov phooj ywg (Daim duab 4.13). Lub fact tias cov tib qauv nyob rau hauv ntau systems tsub kom cov sab nraud validity ntawm cov kev tshwm sim vim hais tias nws thiaj li lub sij hawm hais tias qhov no txawv yog ib tug yam cuav ntawm tej qho system.

Xam 4.13: Long-term los ntawm across muab kev vam meej nyob rau hauv plaub txawv kev systems. Arnout van de Rijt thiab lug txhawb cov miv (2014) 1) qhaib nyiaj mus across xaiv tej yaam num nyob rau hauv kickstarter.com, ib tug crowdfunding website; 2) zoo nyob across xaiv xyuas nyob rau hauv website epinions; 3) muab khoom plig rau across xaiv contributors rau Wikipedia; thiab 4) kos npe across xaiv petitions rau change.org.

Xam 4.13: Long-term los ntawm across muab kev vam meej nyob rau hauv plaub txawv kev systems. Arnout van de Rijt thiab lug txhawb cov miv (2014) 1) qhaib nyiaj mus across xaiv tej yaam num nyob rau hauv kickstarter.com , ib tug crowdfunding website; 2) zoo nyob across xaiv xyuas nyob rau hauv website epinions ; 3) muab khoom plig rau across xaiv contributors rau Wikipedia ; thiab 4) kos npe across xaiv petitions rau change.org .

Ua ke, cov no ob piv txwv qhia tias kev soj ntsuam ntawm muaj peev xwm ua cov teb thwmsim tsis muaj qhov yuav tsum tau koom tes nrog cov tuam txhab los yog qhov yuav tsum tau los tsim kom tau txoj digital systems. Ntxiv mus, Rooj 4.2 muab ntau txawm tias piv txwv uas qhia cov ntau yam ntawm dab tsi yog tau thaum kev soj ntsuam ntawm siv lub infrastructure ntawm uas twb muaj lawm systems kom xa kev kho mob thiab / los yog kev ntsuas tau. Cov kev no kuj pheej yig rau kev soj ntsuam thiab lawv muaj ib tug high degree ntawm realism. Tab sis, cov kev muaj kev soj ntsuam limited tswj cov neeg koom, kev kho mob, thiab ua tau yuav tsum tau ntsuas. Ntxiv mus, rau thwmsim noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tsuas yog ib qho system, soj ntsuam yuav tsum tau muaj kev txhawj xeeb uas cov teebmeem yuav tau tsav los ntawm system kev puab (piv txwv li, txoj kev uas Kickstarter Qib tej yaam num los yog txoj kev uas change.org Qib thov; rau cov lus qhia ntxiv, saib cov kev sib tham txog algorithmic rhuav nyob rau hauv Tshooj 2). Thaum kawg, thaum kev soj ntsuam ntawm cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm systems, lo qhia zoo lus nug mam li txog tau raug mob mus koom, uas tsis yog-koom, thiab tshuab. Peb yuav xav txog cov koom lo lus nug nyob rau hauv ntau yam nyob rau hauv Tshooj 6, thiab muaj yog ib qho zoo heev sib tham ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub appendix ntawm van de Rijt (2014) . Cov lag luam tawm-offs uas tuaj uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug uas twb muaj lawm system yog tsis zoo tagnrho rau txhua txhua project, thiab rau cov uas yog vim li cas ib txhia soj ntsuam ntawm lawv muaj lawv cov kev sim system, lub npe ntawm lub seem tom ntej no.

Rooj 4.2: Piv txwv ntawm kev nyob rau hauv uas twb muaj lawm systems. Cov kev zoo li mus poob rau hauv peb lub ntsiab pawg, thiab qhov no categorization yuav pab tau koj daim ntawv ceeb toom sij hawm ntxiv rau koj tus kheej kev tshawb fawb. Ua ntej, muaj thwmsim uas muaj kev muag los yog yuav ib yam dab tsi (xws li, Doleac and Stein (2013) ). Ob, muaj cov thwmsim uas muaj kev xa ib tug kev kho mob kom meej koom (xws li, Restivo and Rijt (2012) ). Thaum kawg, muaj kev uas muaj delivering kev kho mob kom meej tej khoom xws li thov (xws li, Vaillant et al. (2015) ).
Topic citation
Nyhuv ntawm barnstars rau pab rau Wikipedia Restivo and Rijt (2012) ; Restivo and Rijt (2014) ; Rijt et al. (2014)
Nyhuv ntawm anti-phem lus rau ntxub lwm haiv neeg tweets Munger (2016)
Nyhuv ntawm auction txoj kev rau nqi muag Lucking-Reiley (1999)
Nyhuv ntawm yus lub qe rau nqi nyob rau hauv online auctions Resnick et al. (2006)
Nyhuv ntawm haiv neeg ntawm neeg muag khoom ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm baseball phaib rau eBay Ayres, Banaji, and Jolls (2015)
Nyhuv ntawm haiv neeg ntawm neeg muag khoom ntawm kev muag khoom ntawm iPods Doleac and Stein (2013)
Nyhuv ntawm haiv neeg qhua rau Airbnb qiv Edelman, Luca, and Svirsky (2016)
Nyhuv ntawm donations rau txoj kev vam meej ntawm tej yaam num nyob rau hauv Kickstarter Rijt et al. (2014)
Nyhuv ntawm haiv neeg thiab haiv neeg them nqi tsev qiv Hogan and Berry (2011)
Nyhuv ntawm zoo ntsuam xyuas rau yav tom ntej kev ntawm epinions Rijt et al. (2014)
Nyhuv ntawm kos npe rau txoj kev vam meej ntawm lawv thov Vaillant et al. (2015) ; Rijt et al. (2014)