6.6.1 kwemvume unolwazi

Abacwaningi kumele, kungaba, futhi ingabe landela lo mthetho: abasohlotsheni oluthile lwenkonzo imvume ucwaningo iningi.

Imvume unolwazi umqondo-abanye asisekelo bangase bathi eduze kukhathazeka (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) -ngokuhamba izimiso zokuhle ucwaningo. Le nguqulo elula mayelana nokuziphatha ucwaningo uthi: "emvume unolwazi konke." Nokho, lo mthetho elula, Akuhambisani ekhona nezimiso zokuziphatha, umthethonqubo zesimilo, noma ucwaningo umkhuba. Kunalokho, abacwaningi kufanele, kungaba, futhi wenze landela umthetho more complex: ". Abasohlotsheni oluthile lwenkonzo imvume ucwaningo iningi"

Okokuqala, ukuze ukudlulela ngale imibono ngokweqile lolumalula mayelana imvume unolwazi, ngifuna bakutshele okwengeziwe nemaresiphi field ukutadisha ukucwaswa (lezi zambozwa kancane eSahlukweni 4 kanye). Kulezi zifundo, abafaka izicelo fake ngubani anezici-ezifana ezahlukene njengoba umuntu noma abesifazane-zisebenza imisebenzi ehlukene. Uma omunye uhlobo umfakisicelo Ufika waqasha ngesilinganiso ephakeme, khona-ke abacwaningi baphetha ngokuthi kungase kube khona ukucwaswa kule nqubo nokuqasha. Ngezinhloso zalesi sahluko, into ebaluleke kakhulu lokhu kucwaninga wukuthi laba ababa nengxenye kulo lokhu kucwaninga-abaqashi-asilokothi sinikeze lokhu kwemvume. Empeleni, lezi ababambiqhaza akhe ekhohlisiwe ngenxa yokuphikisana kwezimfundiso izicelo fake. Nokho, insimu ukuhlolwa ukuze batadishe ukucwaswa baye lwenziwa izifundo okungenani ezingu-117 emazweni 17 (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .

Abacwaningi abasebenzisa nemaresiphi insimu ukutadisha ukucwaswa ziye zakhomba izici ezine zalezi zifundo ukuthi, bebonke, ukubenza ngobulungiswa kuvunyelwe: 1) umonakalo limited to the abaqashi, 2) kuzuze emikhulu yezehlalakuhle zokuba ngesilinganiso onokwethenjelwa ukubandlulula, 3); nobuthakathaka yezinye izindlela yokulinganisa ukucwaswa, futhi 4) iqiniso lokuthi nenkohliso akusho ngokuqinile abephula nemithetho ukuthi setting (Riach and Rich 2004) . Ngayinye yalezi zimo kusemqoka, futhi kwadingeka phi of them ongasuthanga, icala zesimilo bekuyoba nzima ngokwengeziwe. Abathathu lezi zici kungenziwa elisuselwa nezimiso zokuziphatha eMbikweni Belmont: umonakalo elinganiselwe (Ukuhlonipha abantu kanye Beneficence) kanye inzuzo enkulu ukuba buthakathaka nezinye izindlela (Beneficence Nobulungisa). Isici sokugcina, non-ukwephulwa yamazinga zesimo, kungenziwa etholakala bahloniphe Menlo Umbiko analo Law and Public Interest. Ngamanye amazwi, izicelo zokuqashwa kukhona kwisethingi lapho kukhona kakade ezinye silulindele kungenzeka inkohliso. Ngakho, lokhu kucwaninga cha ngcolisa i zesimilo landscape acwebile kakade.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu i-agumenti izimiso ezisekelwe, inqwaba IRBs futhi baye baphetha ngokuthi ukuntuleka kwemvume lezi zifundo okuhambisana imithetho ekhona, ikakhulukazi Common Rule §46.116, ingxenye (d). Ekugcineni, izinkantolo US baye kubuye kusekelwe ukuntuleka kwemvume nenkohliso ucwaningo emkhakheni ukukala ukucwaswa (No. 81-3029. United States neNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala Seventh Circuit). Ngakho, ukusetshenziswa ucwaningo emkhakheni ngaphandle kwemvume okuhambisana ekhona ihambisane nezimiso zokuziphatha okuhle imithetho ekhona (okungenani imithetho e-US). Lokhu kucabanga iye osekelwa ebanzi umphakathi ucwaningo social, inqwaba IRBs, futhi yiNkantolo Yokudlulisa Amacala US. Ngakho, kumelwe sikwenqabe kokubusa lilihle "emvume unolwazi konke." Lona akuwona umthetho wokuthi abacwaningi ukulandela, noma ingabe umthetho wokuthi abacwaningi kufanele silandele.

Ukuthuthela ngaphesheya "imvume unolwazi ngoba konke" kushiya nabacwaningi udaba olunzima: kuziphi izinhlobo kwemvume edingekayo ukuze Hlobo luni ucwaningo? Njengokulindelekile, njengoba sekube obuzwakalayo mpikiswano ngaphambi ngalumbuzo, nakuba iningi kuba umongo ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha in the age analog. Efingqa lokho mpikiswano, Eyal (2012) uyabhala:

"Lo ngokwezocansi okuyingozi more kokungenela, yilapho kuba anomthelela noma esichazayo 'ezibucayi ekuphileni choice', the more kuba value-laden futhi impikiswano, ezibhedlela ezizimele more endaweni yomzimba ukungenelela oluthinta ngqo, yilapho siyangqubuzana futhi engaqashiwe the nongoti, ayanda isidingo sokuba eyizingqabavu emvume unolwazi. Ngezinye izikhathi, isidingo sokuba eyizingqabavu kakhulu kwemvume unolwazi, futhi ngempela, ngoba kwemvume noma ngayiphi indlela, kuba elincane. Ngalezo zikhathi, eqolo angase ayikhohlwe kalula igqiba leso sidingo. "[Yokubhalwa yangaphakathi abashiywe ngaphandle]

An ukuqondisisa abalulekile kule mpikiswano ngaphambi wukuthi imvume unolwazi akuyona necklace; kunezinhlobo kunamandla ephelelwa amandla kwemvume. Kwezinye izimo, eyizingqabavu emvume unolwazi kubonakala kunesidingo, kodwa, kwezinye izimo, amafomu esibuthakathaka kakhudlwana kwemvume kungase kufaneleke. Okulandelayo, ngizobuya ukuchaza izimo ezintathu lapho abacwaningi uyothwala kanzima ukuthola imvume unolwazi ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi ezithintekayo kanye ongakhetha ambalwa kulezo zimo.

Okokuqala, ngezinye izikhathi becela ababambiqhaza ukunikeza imvume unolwazi kungase kwandise izingozi abahlangabezana nazo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Encore, ucela abantu abaphila ngaphansi kohulumeni ingcindezelo ukunikeza imvume zinama-computer esetshenziselwa nesilinganiso ukucwaninga izici Internet eyibeke labo abavumelana engozini. Lapho imvume kuholela kwengozi, abacwaningi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi ngalokho abakwenzayo zomphakathi nokuthi kungenzeka yini abahlanganyeli ukuphuma. Futhi, bona bafune imvume evela emaqenjini ukuthi bamele ababambiqhaza (isib, NGOs).

Okwesibili, ngezinye izikhathi kokuba imvume unolwazi ngokugcwele ngaphambi kwesifundo iqala kukhinyabeze ukubaluleka yesayensi cwaningo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Contagion Emotional, uma ababambiqhaza ukube ubazi ukuthi abacwaningi ababekwenza UCWANINGO ngemizwa, lokhu kwakungase waguqula ukuziphatha kwabo. Ngokugodla ulwazi kusuka ababambiqhaza, futhi ngisho ibakhohlisa, akuyona into engavamile e ucwaningo social, ikakhulukazi lab ucwaningo kwengqondo. Uma imvume unolwazi akunakwenzeka ngaphambi isifundo siqala, abacwaningi ayengakwenza (futhi ngokuvamile ukwenza) debrief ababambiqhaza ngemva kwesifundo uphezu. Debriefing jikelele kuhlanganisa echaza ukuthi kwenzekani ngempela, kulungisa yimuphi okulimazayo, futhi imvume emva iqiniso. Nokho, ezinye mpikiswano, mayelana nokuthi ngabe debriefing ucwaningo emkhakheni kuyafaneleka, uma debriefing ngokwayo ezingalimaza abahlanganyeli (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .

Okwesithathu, ngezinye izikhathi kuba logistically nzima ukuthola imvume unolwazi wonke umuntu nomthelela ngokutadisha. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga umcwaningi ofisa ukuba atadishe Bitcoin blockchain (Bitcoin is a mfihlo-lwemali kanye blockchain kuyinto umbhalo wokuthenga Bitcoin (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Abanye abantu ezisebenzisa Bitcoin alindele futhi nizondelele yokufihla, kanti amanye amalungu omphakathi Bitcoin bangase bakhale izinhlobo ezithile ucwaningo emphakathini wabo. Ngeshwa, akunakwenzeka ukuba ithole imvume wonke umuntu osebenzisa Bitcoin ngoba iningi laba bantu engaziwa. Kulokhu, umcwaningi angase azame ukuxhumana isampula abasebenzisi Bitcoin futhi ucele imvume yabo unolwazi.

Lezi izizathu ezintathu zokuthi kungani abacwaningi ingase ingakwazi ukuthola unolwazi engozini kwemvume kukhula kokuyekethisa imigomo ucwaningo, kanye yokudla nokulinganiselwa-akuzona izizathu kuphela ukuthi Abacwaningi bakuthola kunzima ukuthola imvume unolwazi. Futhi, izixazululo ukuthi ngiye wasikisela-ukwazisa umphakathi mayelana nocwaningo lwakho, olwenza ukuphuma, efuna imvume sesithathu amaqembu, debriefing, futhi bafune imvume isampula abahlanganyeli-kungenzeka zingenzeki kuzo zonke izimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho noma lezi ezinye izindlela kungenzeka, zingase elingenele for nesifundo sakho. Nokho, Yini lezi zibonelo ziyabonisa, wukuthi emvume unolwazi akuyona necklace, nokuthi izixazululo kungaba ngcono esele zesimilo sezifundo ukuthi akakwazi ukuthola imvume umnyuziki unolwazi ezivela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi nomthelela.

Ukuphetha, kunokuba "imvume unolwazi ngoba konke" Abacwaningi kumele, kungaba, futhi wenze landela umthetho more complex: ". Abasohlotsheni oluthile lwenkonzo imvume izinto eziningi" imvume Sikuveze ngezimiso, ukwaziswa ngokweqile akudingekile futhi ezanele izimiso of Ukuhlonipha Lwabantu [ Humphreys (2015) ; p. 102]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ukuhlonipha Lwabantu omuntu oyedwa izimiso okumele ukulinganisela lapho ucabangela izimiso zokuhle ucwaningo; akufanele ngokuzenzakalelayo kuvelele Beneficence, uJustice, begodu ezihlonipha umthetho ne- Public Interest, iphuzu eyenziwe ngokuphindaphindiwe by izazi zezimiso zokuziphatha eminyakeni engu-40 edlule [ Gillon (2015) ; p. 112-113]. Ukhulumé mayelana nezinhlaka zokuziphatha, kwemvume unolwazi ngoba konke isikhundla isikhathaze ngokweqile deontological ewela isisulu izimo ezifana Timebomb (bheka Isigaba 6.5).

Ekugcineni, njengoba udaba practical, uma ucabangela ukwenza ucwaningo ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo kwemvume, ngalesosikhathi you azi ukuthi wena grey endaweni. Qaphela. Bheka emuva at the agumenti yokuziphatha abacwaningi baye benza ukuze baqhube izifundo yokulinga yokubandlululwa ngaphandle kwemvume. Ingabe ukulungisiswa lakho liqine? Ngoba emvume unolwazi kungumongo eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma amanengi alala zokuziphatha, kufanele wazi ukuthi wena uyobe cishe acelwe ukuba avikele izinqumo zakho.