Le mea e faitau i le isi
- Faatomuaga (vaega 5.1)
O fefaʻasoaʻiga o fefaʻasoaʻiga e faʻafefiloi manatu mai le saienisi a le tagatanuʻu , faʻasalalauga , ma le malamalama faʻatasi Saienisi o tagatanuu e masani ona faauigaina le aofia ai o "tagatanuu" (e pei o le le mautonu) i le faasaienisi faagasologa; mo nisi, tagaʻi Crain, Cooper, and Dickinson (2014) ma Bonney et al. (2014) . O le faʻaaogaina o tagata e masani lava o le tagofia o se faʻafitauli e masani lava ona foia i totonu o se faʻalapotopotoga ae nai lo le faʻasalaga i se faʻapotopotoga; mo nisi, tagaʻi Howe (2009) . O le aofaʻi o tagata lautele e masani lava o vaega o tagata taitoatasi o loʻo galulue faʻatasi i auala e foliga mai e atamamai; mo nisi, vaʻai Malone and Bernstein (2015) . Nielsen (2012) o se faʻamatalaga umi-tusi i le mana o le tele o fesoʻotaʻiga mo suʻesuʻega faasaienisi.
E tele ituaiga o fegalegaleaiga lautele e le fetaui lelei i vaega e tolu ua ou faʻatulagaina, ma ou te manatu e tolu nei mea e tatau ona i ai se faʻapitoa faapitoa aua e mafai ona aoga i suʻesuʻega lautele. O se tasi o faʻataʻitaʻiga o maketi maketi, lea e faʻatau ma faʻatau ai e tagata faatau konekarate e mafai ona toe faʻatauina e faʻatatau i taunuʻuga e tutupu i le lalolagi. O maketi taufaasese e masani ona faʻaaogaina e palemia ma malo mo le faʻatalanoaina, ma sa faʻaaogaina foi e tagata suʻesuʻe faʻaagafesootai e vaʻai i le faʻaaogaina o suʻesuʻega i le mafaufau (Dreber et al. 2015) . Mo se aotelega o maketi tauvaga, vaai Wolfers and Zitzewitz (2004) ma Arrow et al. (2008) .
O se faʻataʻitaʻiga lona lua e le fetaui lelei i loʻu faʻaogaina o le poloketi PolyMath, lea na galulue faʻatasi ai tagata suʻesuʻe ma faʻaogaina blogs ma wikis e faʻamaonia ai le numera o le numera fou. O le Polokalame PolyMath o nisi auala e tutusa ma le Netflix Prize, ae o lenei polokalame ua sili atu ona galulue malosi i luga o fofo eseese o isi. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i le PolyMath project, tagaʻi Gowers and Nielsen (2009) , Cranshaw and Kittur (2011) , Nielsen (2012) , ma Kloumann et al. (2016) .
O se faʻataʻitaʻiga lona tolu lea e le fetaui lelei i laʻu fuafuaga faʻavae o le faʻaaogaina o taimi faʻalagolago i le taimi e pei o le Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Network Challenge (ie Red Challenge Balloon Challenge). Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i nei taimi faʻapitoa e vaʻaia Pickard et al. (2011) , Tang et al. (2011) , ma Rutherford et al. (2013) .
- Iloiloina o tagata (vaega 5.2)
O le faaupuga "faʻavasegaina o tagata" e sau mai le galuega na faia e tagata suʻesuʻe komipiuta, ma malamalama i le talaaga o lenei suʻesuʻega o le a faʻaleleia atili ai lou mafaia ona suʻeina ni faʻafitauli atonu e talafeagai mo ia. Mo nisi galuega, o komepiuta e matua malosi tele, ma e sili mamao atu nai lo tagata masani. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, i matata, e mafai e masini komepiuta ona taʻavale e oʻo lava i matai sili. Ae-ma o lenei mea e itiiti le talisapaia e saienitisi agafesootai-mo isi galuega, o komepiuta e sili atu le leaga nai lo tagata. I se isi faaupuga, o le taimi nei e sili atu oe nai lo le komepiuta sili ona atamamai i nisi o galuega e aofia ai le gaosia o ata, vitio, leo, ma tusitusiga. Sa maua e tagata suʻesuʻe saienitisi o loʻo galulue i luga o nei galuega maʻaleʻale-galuega faigofie-mo-tagata e mafai ona aofia ai tagata i la latou faʻatulagaga faʻapipiʻi. O le auala lea na faʻamatalaina ai e Luis von Ahn (2005) le faʻatautaia o tagata ina ua ia muai filifilia le faaupuga i lana faʻamaumauga: "o se faʻaoga mo le faʻaaogaina o le malosiaga o tagata e foia ai faafitauli e le mafai ona folasia e komepiuta." Mo se togafitiga umi o suʻesuʻega a tagata, o le uiga lautele o le faaupuga, vaʻai Law and Ahn (2011) .
E tusa ai ma le faʻamatalaga ua faʻatulagaina i le Ahn (2005) Foldit-lea na ou faamatalaina i le vaega o loʻo valaʻauina valaʻau-e mafai ona manatu o se faʻatulagaga faʻatusatusaina o tagata. Ae ui i lea, ou te filifili e faʻafesoʻotaʻi le Faʻamatalaga o se avanoa tatala aua e manaʻomia ai tomai faʻapitoa (e ui lava e le o se toleniga aloaia) ma e manaʻomia ai le fofo aupito sili ona lelei, nai lo le faʻaaogaina o se vavaega faʻavae-faʻapitoa.
O le faaupuga "split-apply-combine" na faʻaaogaina e Wickham (2011) e faʻamatalaina ai se taʻiala mo le fuainumera o fuainumera faamauina, ae na te mauaina atoatoa le faagasologa o le tele o galuega faʻatulagaina tagata. O le vaeluaga o le faʻaaogaina o fuafuaga e tutusa lelei ma le Fuafuaga MapReduce ua atiae i Google; Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i le MapReduce, tagaʻi Dean and Ghemawat (2004) ma Dean and Ghemawat (2008) . Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o isi tufatufa faʻatau tusi, vaʻai Vo and Silvia (2016) . O le Vaega 3 o le Law and Ahn (2011) loʻo i ai se talanoaga o galuega faʻatino ma ni laasaga sili atu ona faigata nai lo na o lenei mataupu.
I le faʻatulagaina o galuega faʻatino a tagata na ou talanoaina i le mataupu, sa iloa e tagata auai le mea na tupu. O nisi o poloketi, e ui i lea, saili e puʻeina le "galuega" lea ua uma ona tupu (e tutusa ma le eBird) ma e aunoa ma le faʻalauiloaina o tagata auai. Vaʻai, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, le (Ahn and Dabbish 2004) le FVA (Ahn and Dabbish 2004) ma le RECAPTCHA (Ahn et al. 2008) . Ae ui i lea, o nei atinaʻe uma e faʻalauteleina fesili faʻapitoa ona e leʻi iloa e tagata auai le auala na faʻaaoga ai a latou faʻamaumauga (Zittrain 2008; Lung 2012) .
O loʻo faʻamalosia e le (Ahn and Dabbish 2008) , o le toʻatele o tagata suʻesuʻe na taumafai e atiaʻe isi "taaloga ma se faʻamoemoega" (Ahn and Dabbish 2008) (o lona uiga, "taaloga faʻavae tagata" (Pe-Than, Goh, and Lee 2015) ) faaaoga e foia ai le tele o isi faafitauli. O le a le mea e tutusa ai nei "taaloga ma se faʻamoemoe" ona o latou taumafai e faia galuega e aofia i le fuafuaina o tagata e fiafia ai. O le mea lea, a o tutusa le vaʻaiga o le FVA e faʻaaogaina ma le Galaxy Zoo, e ese le auala e faʻamalosia ai tagata auai-fiafia ma le naunau e fesoasoani i le saienisi. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i taaloga ma se faʻamoemoe, tagaʻi Ahn and Dabbish (2008) .
O laʻu faʻamatalaga o le Galaxy Zoo e oʻo mai i Nielsen (2012) , Adams (2012) , Clery (2011) , ma le Hand (2010) , ma o laʻu faʻamatalaga o sailiga suʻesuʻega a Galaxy Zoo na faafaigofieina. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i le talafaasolopito o le faʻavasegaina o le galaxy i le vateatea ma le auala e faʻaauau ai pea lenei aganuʻu e le Galaxy Zoo, vaʻai Masters (2012) ma Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) . Fausia i luga o Galaxy Zoo, na maeʻa e le au suʻesuʻe le Zoo 2 o le Zoo 2, lea na aoina ai le sili atu ma le 60 miliona o faʻavasegaga faʻapitoa mai le aufaigaluega (Masters et al. 2011) . E le gata i lea, na latou faʻalautele atu i faafitauli i fafo atu o le galaxy morphology, e aofia ai le suʻeina o le ata o le Moon, suʻesuʻeina o paneta, ma le faʻaliliuina o pepa tuai. I le taimi nei, o a latou galuega faatino uma e aoina i luga o le upega tafaʻilagi a Sooniverse (Cox et al. 2015) . O se tasi o poloketi-Serengeti ata-o loʻo tuʻuina atu ai faʻamaoniga e mafai foi ona faia ni galuega faʻavae o le ata o le Galaxy Zoo mo suʻesuʻega faʻalesiosiomaga (Swanson et al. 2016) .
Mo le suʻesuʻega a le au suʻesuʻe e faʻaaogaina se maketi mo galuega faʻapitoa (e pei o le Amazon Mechanical Turk) mo se galuega faʻavae tagata, Chandler, Paolacci, and Mueller (2013) ma J. Wang, Ipeirotis, and Provost (2015) ofo mai fautuaga lelei i mamanu o galuega ma isi mataupu e fesootai i ai. Porter, Verdery, and Gaddis (2016) ofoina mai ni faʻataʻitaʻiga ma fautuaga e taulai faapitoa i le faʻaaogaina o maketi mo galuega mo mea latou te taʻua o le "faʻateleina o faʻamaumauga." O le laina i le va o le faʻateleina o faʻamatalaga ma le aoina mai o faʻamatalaga, e fai si malie. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i le aoina ma le faʻaaogaina o igoa mo le vaavaaia o aʻoaʻoga mo tusitusiga, tagaʻi Grimmer and Stewart (2013) .
O tagata suʻesuʻe e fiafia i le fatuina o mea na ou taʻua o polokalama faakomepiuta e fesoasoani i komepiuta (faʻataʻitaʻiga, faiga faʻaaogaina igoa o tagata e toleni ai se masini e aʻoaʻo ai) atonu e fiafia i Shamir et al. (2014) (mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga e faʻaaoga ai le leo) ma Cheng and Bernstein (2015) . E le gata i lea, o le faʻaaogaina o masini faʻataʻitaʻi i nei galuega faatino e mafai ona faʻatalosagaina i telefoni feaveaʻi, e mafai ai e tagata suʻesuʻe ona tauivi e fatuina faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga i le tele o faʻatinoga faʻapitoa. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, na taʻalo le 'au o le Zoo Zoo i se avanoa tatala ma maua ai se auala fou lea na faʻamatalaina ai le mea na atiaʻe i Banerji et al. (2010) ; tagai Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) mo auiliiliga.
- Tatala valavala (vaega 5.3)
Tatala valavala e le fou. O le mea moni, o se tasi o valaau sili ona lauiloa e amata mai i le 1714 ina ua faia e le Palemene a le Palemene le Taui o le Longitude mo soʻo se tasi e mafai ona atiina ae se auala e fuafua ai le umi o le uumi o se vaa i le sami. O le faafitauli na mafua ai le tele o saienitisi aupito sili o aso, e aofia ai Isaac Newton, ma o le manumalo manumalo na iu lava ina tuuina mai e John Harrison, o se tagata faimalaga mai le nuu maotua lea e ese le faafitauli e ese mai saienitisi na taulaʻi atu i se fofo o le a aafia ai le astronomy ; Mo nisi faʻamatalaga, tagaʻi Sobel (1996) . E pei ona faʻataʻitaʻiina e lenei faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se tasi o mafuaʻaga e matua lelei lava le lelei o le tatalaina o avanoa e mafai ai ona maua avanoa i tagata ei ai a latou vaaiga ma tomai eseese (Boudreau and Lakhani 2013) . Vaʻai Hong and Page (2004) ma le Page (2008) mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o le taua o le eseesega i le foia o faafitauli.
O faʻasalalauga taʻitasi i le mataupu e manaʻomia ai se faʻamatalaga atili pe aisea e maua ai i lenei vaega. Muamua, o se tasi o auala e mafai ai ona ou iloa le eseesega o le va o tagata ma le telefoni feaveaʻi, pe o le gaioiga o se averesi o fofo uma (fuafaatatau o tagata) poʻo le tali sili ona lelei (valaʻau tatala). O le Netflix Prize e fai si faigata i lenei itu ona o le tali sili ona lelei na avea ma se aufaasesega masani o fofo a tagata taitoatasi, o se auala ua taua o se faaiuga o le tuufaatasiga (Bell, Koren, and Volinsky 2010; Feuerverger, He, and Khatri 2012) . Ae mai le vaaiga a Netflix, e ui i lea, na o le pau lava le mea na latou faia o le filifilia lea o le tali aupito sili. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i le Netflix Prize, see Bennett and Lanning (2007) , Thompson (2008) , Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) , ma Feuerverger, He, and Khatri (2012) .
Lona lua, i nisi o faʻamatalaga o le faʻatatauga o tagata (eg, Ahn (2005) ), E tatau ona mafaufauina le Faʻamaumauga o se faʻatulagaga faʻatusatusaina o tagata. Ae ui i lea, ou te filifili e faʻavasegaina o se avanoa tatala ona e manaʻomia ai tomai faʻapitoa (e ui lava e le o se aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa) ma e manaʻomia ai le fofo aupito sili, nai lo le faʻaaogaina o se fuafuaga vavae-tuʻu-faʻaoga. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga ile Foldit see, Cooper et al. (2010) , Khatib et al. (2011) , ma Andersen et al. (2012) ; O laʻu faʻamatalaga o le Failautusi o loʻo tusia i faʻamatalaga i Bohannon (2009) , Hand (2010) , ma Nielsen (2012) .
Ma le mea mulimuli, e mafai e se tasi ona finau o le Peer-to-Patent o se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le tufatufaina o faʻamaumauga. Ou te filifili e aofia ai o se avanoa tatala aua o loo i ai se tulaga tauvaga-e pei ona masani ai, ma e na o le saofaga sili ona lelei e faaaoga, ae faatasi ai ma le tufatufaina o faamaumauga, o le manatu o le lelei ma le leaga o saofaga e le manino. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga ile Peer-to-Patent, vaʻai Noveck (2006) , Ledford (2007) , Noveck (2009) , ma Bestor and Hamp (2010) .
I le tulaga o le faʻaaogaina o valaʻau i suʻesuʻega faʻaagafesootai, o taunuuga e tutusa ma Glaeser et al. (2016) , o loʻo lipotia i le mataupu 10 o Mayer-Schönberger and Cukier (2013) lea na mafai ai e le Aai o Niu Ioka ona faʻaaogaina faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻapitoa e maua ai ni tupe maua tele i le gaosiga o tagata suʻesuʻe fale. I Niu Ioka City, o nei mamanu vavalo na fausia e tagata faigaluega i le taulaga, ae i isi tulaga, e mafai e se tasi ona mafaufau e mafai ona fausiaina pe faʻaleleia atili i ni valaʻau tele (eg, Glaeser et al. (2016) ). Ae ui i lea, o se tasi o popolega tele i faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻaogaina o loʻo faʻaaogaina e tuʻuina atu ai punaoa, o nei faʻataʻitaʻiga e iai le malosiaga e faʻamalosia ai faʻafitauli o loʻo iai nei. O le tele o tagata suʻesuʻe ua uma ona latou iloa "lapisi, lapisi," ma faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻiga e mafai ona "faʻaituau i totonu, ese mai fafo." Vaʻai Barocas and Selbst (2016) ma O'Neil (2016) mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o lamatiaga o faʻataʻitaʻiga faʻataʻitaʻi faʻatasi ai ma aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa mo aʻoaʻoga.
O se tasi o faafitauli e mafai ona taofia ai malo mai le faʻaaogaina o tauvaga aloaʻia, o lenei mea e manaʻomia ai le tuʻuina atu o faʻamatalaga, lea e mafai ona oʻo atu ai i soliga faʻasalaga. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga e uiga i le faalilolilo ma le faʻamaumauga o faʻamaumauga i ni valaʻau faʻaalia, tagaʻi Narayanan, Huey, and Felten (2016) ma le talanoaga ile mataupu 6.
Mo nisi faʻamatalaga e uiga i eseesega ma mea tutusa i le va o faʻamatalaga ma faʻamatalaga, vaʻai Breiman (2001) , Shmueli (2010) , Watts (2014) , ma Kleinberg et al. (2015) . Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i le vaega o faʻamatalaga i suʻesuʻega faʻapitoa, vaʻai Athey (2017) , Cederman and Weidmann (2017) , Hofman, Sharma, and Watts (2017) , ( ??? ) , ma Yarkoni and Westfall (2017) .
Mo se toe iloiloga o poloketi tatala i le biology, e aofia ai fautuaga faufautua, tagaʻi Saez-Rodriguez et al. (2016) .
- Tufatufaina atu o faʻamaumauga (vaega 5.4)
O laʻu faʻamatalaga o le eBird e faʻamatala i faʻamatalaga i Bhattacharjee (2005) , Robbins (2013) , ma Sullivan et al. (2014) . Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i le auala e faʻaogaina ai e tagata suʻesuʻe fua faʻatau fuainumera e iloilo ai eBird faʻamatalaga tagaʻi Fink et al. (2010) ma Hurlbert and Liang (2012) . Mo nisi faʻamatalaga faʻatusatusaina le tomai o tagata auai eBird, tagaʻi Kelling, Johnston, et al. (2015) . Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o le talafaʻasolopito o le saienisi a le tagatanuu i le faʻataʻitaʻiga, tagaʻi Greenwood (2007) .
Mo nisi faʻamatalaga ile Malawi Journals Project, tagaʻi Watkins and Swidler (2009) ma Kaler, Watkins, and Angotti (2015) . Mo nisi faʻamatalaga i luga o se galuega faʻatusatusa i Aferika i Saute, vaai Angotti and Sennott (2015) . Mo nisi faʻataʻitaʻiga o suʻesuʻega e faʻaaoga ai faʻamatalaga mai le Polokalame o Faʻasalalauga Malawi vaʻai Kaler (2004) ma Angotti et al. (2014) .
- Fuafuaina oe lava (vaega 5.5)
O laʻu auala i le ofoina atu o fautuaga faufautua na faʻaauau, e faʻavae i luga o faʻataʻitaʻiga o galuega manuia ma le le manuia o galuega faatino na ou faʻalogo i ai. O loʻo i ai foi se lagolagosua o sailiga suʻesuʻega e faʻaaoga atili ai manatu faʻapitoa mo mafaufauga faʻapitoa i le mamanuina o sosaiete i luga o le initaneti e taua i le mamanu o galuega faʻalagolago lautele, vaai, mo se faataitaiga, Kraut et al. (2012) .
E tusa ai ma le faaosofia o tagata auai, e matua faigata tele le iloa tonu pe aisea e auai ai tagata i galuega faatino tetele (Cooper et al. 2010; Nov, Arazy, and Anderson 2011; Tuite et al. 2011; Raddick et al. 2013; Preist, Massung, and Coyle 2014) . Afai e te fuafua e faʻamalosia tagata auai i tupe totogi i luga o se maketi o galuega mo le microtask (eg Amazon Mechanical Turk), Kittur et al. (2013) ofo mai ni fautuaga.
E tusa ai ma se mea e faateʻia ai, mo nisi faʻataʻitaʻiga o mea e le i faamoemoeina e maua mai fafo o galuega faatino, vaai Marshall, Lintott, and Fletcher (2015) .
E tusa ai ma le tulaga faʻale-aganuʻu, o nisi o faʻamatalaga masani lelei i mataupu e aofia ai Gilbert (2015) , Salehi et al. (2015) , Schmidt (2013) , Williamson (2016) , Resnik, Elliott, and Miller (2015) , ma Zittrain (2008) . Mo mataupu e fesoʻotaʻi tonu ma mataupu faʻaletulafono ma tagata faigaluega, tagaʻi Felstiner (2011) . O'Connor (2013) loʻo faʻasalalau fesili e uiga i suʻesuʻega faʻale-aganuʻu o suʻesuʻega pe a faʻataunuʻu matafaioi a tagata suʻesuʻe ma tagata auai. Mo mataupu e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻasoaina o faʻamatalaga ao puipuia tagata auai i galuega faʻa-saienisi a tagata tagatanuʻu, tagaʻi Bowser et al. (2014) . O Purdam (2014) ma Windt and Humphreys (2016) loʻo iai ni talanoaga e uiga i mataupu faʻavae i le tufatufaina o faʻamaumauga. Ma le mea mulimuli, o le tele o poloketi e amanaʻia saofaga ae le tuʻuina atu se faʻatagaga tusitala i tagata auai. I Foldit, o le au taaalo e masani ona lisiina o se tusitala (Cooper et al. 2010; Khatib et al. 2011) . I isi valaʻau telefoni feaveaʻi, e masani lava ona tusia e se tagata saofaga le manumalo se pepa e faʻamatala ai a latou tali (eg, Bell, Koren, and Volinsky (2010) ma Dieleman, Willett, and Dambre (2015) ).
