4.1 Kuyamba

Muzolowera zomwe zikupezeka pakali pano mu khalidwe loyang'ana bukuli (chaputala 2) ndi kufunsa mafunso (chaputala 3) - owona asonkhanitsa deta popanda mwadala ndi kusintha mwadongosolo dziko. Njira yomwe ili mu chaputala chino-kuyesayesa-ndi yosiyana kwambiri. Ochita kafukufuku akamayesa mayesero, amasintha mwakhama padziko lapansi kuti apange deta yomwe ikuyenerera kuyankha mafunso okhudza maubwenzi omwe amachititsa-ndi-effect.

Mafunso omwe amachititsa chidwi ndi okhudzidwa ndi ofunika kwambiri mu kafukufuku wamagulu, ndipo zitsanzo zikuphatikiza mafunso monga: Kodi kuwonjezera malipiro a aphunzitsi kumawonjezera maphunziro a ophunzira? Kodi zotsatira za malipiro ochepa pa ntchito? Kodi mtundu wa olemba ntchito umakhudza motani mwayi wake wopeza ntchito? Kuphatikiza pa mafunso owonetsa bwino, nthawi zina zimayambitsa-ndi-zotsatira mafunso ali ndi mafunso ochuluka zokhudzana ndi kupititsa patsogolo miyeso yamagetsi. Mwachitsanzo, funso loti "Kodi batani loperekedwa likhale lotani pa webusaiti ya NGO?" Ndi mafunso ambiri okhudza zotsatira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya batani pa zopereka.

Njira imodzi yothetsera mafunso omwe amachititsa-ndi-zotsatira ndiyo kufufuza njira mu deta yomwe ilipo. Mwachitsanzo, kubwerera ku funso lokhudza zotsatira za malipiro a aphunzitsi pa maphunziro a ophunzira, mukhoza kuwerengera kuti ophunzira amaphunzira zambiri ku sukulu zomwe zimapereka mphotho ya aphunzitsi apamwamba. Koma, kodi mgwirizanowu ukuwonetsa kuti malipiro apamwamba amachititsa ophunzira kuphunzira zambiri? Inde sichoncho. Sukulu zomwe aphunzitsi amapindula zambiri zingakhale zosiyana m'njira zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira m'masukulu omwe ali ndi malipiro akulu a aphunzitsi akhoza kubwera kuchokera ku mabanja olemera. Choncho, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zotsatira za aphunzitsi zimangobwera poyerekezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ophunzira. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumeneku pakati pa ophunzira kumatchedwa kuti confonders , ndipo, kawirikawiri, kuthekera kwa chisokonezo kumapangitsa kuti ochita kafukufuku athe kuyankha mafunso omwe amachititsa-ndi-zotsatira potengera njira zomwe zilipo kale.

Njira imodzi yothetsera vuto la osokonezeka ndiyo kuyesa kulinganitsa moyenera ndi kusintha kwa kusiyana pakati pa magulu. Mwachitsanzo, mungathe kumasula deta yamtengo ku malo ena a boma. Kenaka, mungathe kufanizitsa zotsatira za ophunzira m'masukulu omwe mitengo yamakono ndi yofanana koma malipiro a aphunzitsi ndi osiyana, ndipo inu mukhoza kupeza kuti ophunzira amaphunzira zambiri ku sukulu ndi malipiro apamwamba a aphunzitsi. Koma palinso anthu ambiri omwe amatha kusokonezeka. Mwinamwake makolo a ophunzirawa amasiyana mosiyana ndi maphunziro awo. Kapena mwinamwake sukulu imasiyana mosiyana ndi malaibulale onse. Kapena mwinamwake masukulu omwe ali ndi aphunzitsi apamwamba amapindula kwambiri kwa akuluakulu, ndipo malipiro aakulu, osati malipiro a aphunzitsi, ndi omwe akuwonjezera maphunziro a ophunzira. Mukhoza kuyesa ndikuyendetsa zinthu izi, koma mndandanda wa zovuta zowonongeka ndizochepa. Muzinthu zambiri, simungathe kuyeza ndikusintha zonse zomwe zingatheke. Potsata vutoli, ochita kafukufuku apanga njira zingapo zopangira zowerengera zazomwe sizinayesedwe-ine ndinakambirana zina mwazo mu chaputala 2-koma, pa mitundu yina ya mafunso, njirazi ndi zochepa, ndipo zoyesera zimapereka lonjezo njira zina.

Kafukufuku amathandiza ochita kafukufuku kusuntha zogwirizana ndi chidziwitso mwachilengedwe kuti athe kuyankha moona mtima mafunso ena-chifukwa. M'nthaŵi ya analoji, mayesero nthawi zambiri anali ovuta komanso odula. Tsopano, mu m'badwo wa digito, zovuta zogwirira ntchito pang'onopang'ono zikutha. Sizowonjezereka kuchita zoyesera monga zomwe zinachitika kale, ndizotheka kuyesa mitundu yatsopano ya kuyesera.

M'zinthu zomwe ndalemba mpaka pano ndakhala ndikumasuka m'chinenero changa, koma ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa pakati pa zinthu ziwiri: kuyesera ndi kuyesa kosayesedwa. Poyesera , wofufuzira amalowerera pa dziko lapansi ndikutsatira zotsatira zake. Ndamva njirayi ikufotokozedwa ngati "perturb ndi kuyang'anitsitsa." Mwachidziwitso chodziwitsidwa mwapadera wofufuza kafukufuku kwa anthu ena osati kwa ena, ndipo wofufuzirayo amalingalira kuti ndi anthu ati omwe amalandira kulowerera mwadzidzidzi (mwachitsanzo, kuwombera ndalama). Kafukufuku wowonongeka amachititsa kuti anthu azitha kulinganitsa mwachilungamo pakati pa magulu awiri: mmodzi amene walandira thandizolo ndi lomwe silinayambe. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kufufuza kosagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu ndi njira yothetsera mavuto a osokonezeka. Perturb-ndi-kuyesa zoyesera, komabe, zimangokhala gulu limodzi lomwe lalandiridwa, ndipo chifukwa chake zotsatira zikhoza kutsogolera ochita kafukufuku molakwika (monga momwe ndikusonyezera posachedwa). Ngakhale kuti pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mayesero ndi mayesero osadziwika bwino, ochita kafukufuku amagwiritsa ntchito mawuwa mosiyana. Ndidzatsatira msonkhano umenewu, koma, pazinthu zina, ndimaphwanya msonkhano kuti ndigogomeze kufunika kwa kuyesa komwe kumachitika pazomwe mukuyesera popanda kuyendetsa ntchito ndi gulu lolamulira.

Zofufuza zowonongeka zatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi njira yamphamvu yophunzirira za chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndipo mu chaputala chino, ndikuwonetsani zambiri momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mufukufuku wanu. Gawo 4.2, ndikuwonetseratu mfundo yowunika kuyesera ndi chitsanzo cha kuyesa pa Wikipedia. Kenaka, mu gawo 4.3, ndifotokozera kusiyana pakati pa kafukufuku wamakina ndi zofufuza zapadera ndi kusiyana pakati pa kuyesa kwa analoji ndi kuyesa kwa digito. Komanso, ndikutsutsa kuti masewera a digito angapereke zabwino zopezera mayina a analog (kuyang'aniridwa kolimba) ndi mayesero a analog kumunda (zowona), onse pamlingo umene sungatheke kale. Kenaka, mu gawo 4.4, ndifotokozera malingaliro atatu, zowonongeka za zotsatira zothandizira, ndi njira-zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri popanga zoyesera zambiri. Ndili ndi mbiriyi, ndikufotokozera malonda omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito mu njira zazikuluzikulu zogwiritsira ntchito zojambula zamagetsi: kuzichita nokha kapena kugwirizana ndi amphamvu. Potsirizira pake, ndimaliza ndi malangizo ena omwe angagwiritse ntchito momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zenizeni za digito (gawo 4.6.1) ndikufotokozera udindo womwe umabwera ndi mphamvu (gawo 4.6.2).