6.3 Digital he okoa

Social noiʻi ma loko o ka mīkini makahiki he okoa 'ano, a no ia mea, ke hoala mai okoa ethical nīnau.

Most nohona noiʻi i loko o ka Analog makahiki hahauʻiaʻana o kekahi ethical koena. No ka mea, laʻana, ma ka loiloi 'ia o Keʻena ho okolohua e collectively' ole oi aku mamua o 100.000 kanaka, Plott (2013) loaʻa hoʻokahi wale nō adverse hanana, he haumāna i lilo naʻau no ka losing dala, ma ka waiwai hihiu. E like me ka mea mua ekolu mīkini elemakule examples kahaki, nae, noiʻi Ano alo ethical hana nui loa ia ka poe okoa, mai ka poe iloko o ka hala. Generalizing mai keia mau mea ekolu haʻawina, ke manao nei au i ka nui pilikia i maikaʻi, 'o ia hoʻi noiʻi maka, ua i uea e hoʻololi ma mua o na rula, na kanawai, a me na kūmau. More ua hōʻike hewa, noiʻi-pinepine i ka laulima me ka poʻe a me na aupuni, he hou ka mana maluna iho i komo mua iloko o ka hala. Ma ka mana, ke olelo nei au wale ka hiki ke hana i na mea i na kanaka me ko lakou 'ae' ole o kaʻike. I na mea au e kamailio e pili ana i hiki i ka mea nānā i ko lākouʻano, a helu auhau ia lakou ma ia mea. E like me ka mana o ka noiʻi, e malama, ae pīhoihoi ka manaʻo no ka hana, aole ka mea, aole he like mahuahua ma ka clarity e pili ana i ka mea mana e hoohana ia. In mea, noiʻi e hoʻoholo pehea e hana i ko lakou mana ma muli o kue a me overlapping na rula, na kanawai, a me na kūmau. I ka hala ole, o keia 'aʻole i manaʻo i loa mīkini makahiki noiʻi, ua unethical. In mea, haawi mai ai i keia kulana, ke manao nei au noiʻi i hoike remarkably maikai hoopai. Ka huihui 'ana o ikaika uea, a me vague lula, nae, e ukuhi i ka pono, me ka manao noiʻi i loko o ka pilikia kulana.

ʻOiai Oukou kino i ole haha ​​oi loa ikaika ma ka olelo o kou akamai, e hana i na mea i na kanaka, increasingly noiʻi-pinepine i ka laulima me ka poʻe a me na aupuni, i ka hiki e malama, ae pīhoihoi ka manaʻo poe kanaka me ko lakou 'ae' ole kaʻike. No ka mea, laʻana, i noonoo ai i ka hahaiʻana i kekahi kanaka a puni, ae kākau i nā mea a pau a lakou e hana nei. Keia e hoʻokomo ka hoʻokoloʻana i na mea e like me kahi a lakou e hele ai, ka mea a lakou i kuai ai, ka mea a lakou kamailio aku ai, a me ka mea a lakou i heluhelu. Ka mālamaʻana poe kanaka e like me keia iloko o ka Analog makahiki hoʻohanaʻia e lilo i ka ukana o na aupuni, me alahula Bedroom. Ano, a pau o keia 'ike ua mea maʻamau, a' akomi kakauia e pili ana miliona a koke e lilo ieeeea? O na kanaka. Eia, no ka mea, a pau o kēia 'ike, Ua ahu digitally, he mea oluolu ke kope, hulina, ke hoʻouna i, merge, a me ka hale kūʻai. Ma kekahi olelo, heaha ka mea maʻamau ka hana i keia la e hoohikilele au, ae, heʻe piʻoloke ihola Hawaii Kaua kiu lapaʻau nāna e like me ka KGB, CIA, a me Stasi. Eia, he nui o kēia 'ano' ka hoʻokoloʻana, ua lawe wahi me ka piha naauao o ka poe i surveilled.

A vivid metaphor i hapa 'ia ka hopuʻia kēia kahua o ka nuipa hoʻomakākiu, oia ka panopticon. Mua i manaoia ma ka hopena o 18th kenekulia ma Ieremia Bentham e like me ka kuhikuhipuʻuone no ka mea, o na halepaahao, ma ka panopticon no ke kino kīnā o hoʻomakākiu (Kii 6.3). Ka panopticon He hoʻopoepoe hale me na lumi aʻo i kaʻoihana a puni ka Central hale kiaʻi. Ka mea ninoaaeyao kēia hale kiaʻi ke malama i ka hana o nā kānaka a pau i loko o ka lumi. A, o loi, o na kanaka i loko o ka lumi hiki ole malama pono i ka mea i loko o ka hale kiaʻi. Ka mea i loko o ka hale kiaʻi mea, pela he ÿole ÿia hoÿi Makaula (Foucault 1995) .

Kii 6,3: Design mai ka panopticon halepaahao, mua i kohoia e Ieremia Bentham. Ma ke kikowaena, aole he ÿole ÿia hoÿi Makaula i hiki malama i ka hana o ka a pau, a, aole e hiki ke malama. Unuhi aku la ia ma Willey Reveley, 1791. Source: Wikimedia maoli.

Kii 6,3: Design mai ka panopticon halepaahao, mua i kohoia e Ieremia Bentham. Ma ke kikowaena, aole he ÿole ÿia hoÿi Makaula i hiki malama i ka hana o ka a pau, a, aole e hiki ke malama. Unuhi aku la ia ma Willey Reveley, 1791. Source: Wikimedia maoli .

In mea, mīkini hoʻomakākiu mea e oi loa aku mamua o ka mea i loko o ka hale kiaʻi no ka mea, e hiki paka i ka loa kikohoʻe mooolelo o ka hana e waiho waho hiki loa (Mayer-Schönberger 2009) . Oiai ka mea, aole nae he piha i hoʻopaʻa 'ia o nā kānaka kolohe merged i loko o ka haku hōkeoʻikepili, ua neʻe mea, ma ia olelo. A me, ka mea ana e loa hoomau e like me ka loihi e like me na uea 'ana o nā mea e loaʻa ka mea nalo hoomau e hoomahuahua, i ka lilo o ka papaa mau la e emi iho, a me ka nui o ko kakou mau ola i kamepiula-mediated.

I na lawelawe noiʻi i keia kumu hōkeoʻikepili ke initially kani pīhoihoi, a ua hiki oiaio no e hoʻohana no ka mea, he nui na mea nui noiʻi. Loio i haumana, nae, ua haawiia mai he okoa ka inoa i kēia haku hōkeoʻikepili: ka hōkeoʻikepili o ka make (Ohm 2010) . Ka hanaia'na o ke ahiahi he kāpili haku hōkeoʻikepili hiki ke loaa he kanawai ma ka lawelawe a me ka pili aupuni ola ina kanaka i hahai i ka heluhelu i kekahi mau pono a kūkākūkā kekahi kumuhana apau loa (Schauer 1978; Penney 2016) . He mea no hoi, he pilikia i ke kumu hōkeoʻikepili, oiai e hanaia no ka mea, hookahi hana, e olelo aku nei targeting hoʻolaha pāʻoihana, i ka la hookahi, e hoʻohana no ka mea, he okoa hana, he kahua kapaia kiʻekiʻe-ana. A horrific mamuli o unanticipated kiʻekiʻe-hoʻohana hanaʻia i loko o ka Apana o ke Kaua Honua i ka wa a ke aupuni helu 'ikepili-ka haku hōkeoʻikepili o ia manawa, ua hoʻohana' ia e kōkua i ka genocide i lawe wahi e ku Iudaio, Roma, a me kekahi poe e ae (Papa 6.1) (Seltzer and Anderson 2008) . Na statisticians e ohi i ka ikepili iloko o maluhia manawa kokoke oiaio i maikai manao. Aka, i ka wa a ko ke ao nei hoʻololi-i ka wa a ka poe Nazis i hele mai i ka mana ma Germany, a kokoke'āina-keia 'ike hoʻohana' he kiʻekiʻe-hoʻohana ua ole manao. Once ka haku hōkeoʻikepili e kū nei, he mea paakiki ka mua mai i ka hiki iaʻu ke kōkua o ke ia mea, a pehea ia e hoʻohana.

Papa 6,1: hihia kahi heluna ikepili nenoai, ua komo nō paha potentially 'ole ma ka pono kīvila o hoʻohana pākela i. Keia papaʻaina, ua kiʻi ohi ia e Seltzer and Anderson (2008) , a ua komo ka subset o kona mau kolamu. Ike Seltzer and Anderson (2008) no ka 'ike hou aku e pili ana i kela a me keia hihia a me ka inclusion ana hoʻohālike. Kekahi poe, aka, aole i na mea a pau, no keia mau hihia 'ole unanticipated haumāna ana.
Place manawa Hoʻomāka kanaka a pūʻulu ʻIkepili nenoaiu Pono kīvila o 'aʻe' oleʻaʻa lākou moku'āina manao
Nuhōlani 19th & i kakahiaka nui 20th kenekulia Aborigines heluna kakau Mea, hoʻoikaika ihola ka neʻekau, oihana mua o genocide
China 1966-76 Hewa-papa kumu iloko moʻomeheu kipi heluna kakau Mea, hoʻoikaika ihola ka neʻekau, i hoʻoili ai Mob wale
Palani 1940-44 Iudaio Heluna kakau ana, kūikawā censuses Mea, hoʻoikaika ihola ka neʻekau, genocide
Kelemānia 1933-45 Iudaio, Roma, a me kekahi poe e ae lehulehu Mea, hoʻoikaika ihola ka neʻekau, genocide
Hunakalia 1945-46 German ka 'āina a me ka poe hoike Kelemānia makuahine elelo 1941 Heluna helu koi ka neʻekau
Nekelana 1940-44 Iudaio, a me ka Roma Heluna kakau nenoai Mea, hoʻoikaika ihola ka neʻekau, genocide
Nolewai 1845-1930 Samis a me Kvens heluna censuses lāhui hoomaemae
Nolewai 1942-44 Iudaio Special helu & i manaoia heluna? Aaeno? Genocide
Pōlani 1939-43 Iudaio Kuhikuhi kūikawā censuses Genocide
Romānia 1941-43 Iudaio, a me ka Roma 1941 Heluna helu Mea, hoʻoikaika ihola ka neʻekau, genocide
Ruanada 1994 Tutsi heluna kakau Genocide
ʻApelika Hema 1950-93 ʻApelika Waena, a me " 'ia nā pōpō" popualtions 1951 Heluna helu & heluna kakau Apartheid, koho disenfranchisement
ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa 19th kenekulia Native Americans Kūikawā censuses, kanaka? Aaeno? koi ka neʻekau
ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa 1917 Mahuʻi mua kikoo kanawai violators 1910 i helu Hoʻokolokolo '& hoopii o ka poe ae ho'āʻo ana kakau
ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa 1941-45 Japanese Americans 1940 i helu Koi ka neʻekau & internment
ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa 2001-08 kēia poʻe hoʻoweliweli NCES ana & hoʻomalu ikepili Hoʻokolokolo '& hoopii o ka lulu & lahui poʻe hoʻoweliweli
ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa 2003 ¶ʻO'Araba-Americans 2000 i helu Unknown
USSR 1919-39 hapa populations Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'kanaka censuses Mea, hoʻoikaika ihola ka neʻekau, hoopai o kekahi hoʻoponopono ulia pōpilikia 'hewa

Ano o ka nohona noiʻi, ua loa, kahi lōʻihi'ē aku i kekahi mea e like me okumu i kapa 'ole ma luna o ke kaiāulu kanaka, a komo iloko o ke kanaka pono hoʻohana pākela i waena o nā haumāna-ana. I Fashion wae e kūkākūkā i keia mau kumuhana apau loa, naʻe, no ka mea, ke manao nei au, e kōkua lākou nohona noiʻi i hoomaopopo i ka maka aniani, ma ka mea a kekahi kanaka e ike i ko lakou hana. E hoʻi i ka ho'āʻoʻana, Makehewa, a me ka Time papahana, no ka mea, laʻana. Ma ka merging pu loa, a me granular ikepili mai Facebook a me ke kina ole, a me granular ikepili mai Harvard, ka noiʻi hana i amazingly waiwai nānaina o ka nohona a me ka nohona kuʻuna o nā haumāna (Lewis et al. 2008) . I na lawelawe noiʻi i keia mea e like me ka haku hōkeoʻikepili, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia no ka maikai. Aka, i kekahi mea e ae, ka mea nana e like me ka hoomaka ana o ka hōkeoʻikepili o ka make ka mea i hanaia me ka ae ole o ka poe i komo. O ka hoao ana, Makehewa, a me ka Time papahana hoomaka ae la i ka 2006, a me ka 'ike e noiʻi i uaʻaʻole maopopo ponoi. Aka, ina oe e nana aku i ka iki ia oukou ke manao wale ia keia mau kumuhana a pau, aolie e loaa hou luna '. Heaha ke ano o ka mīkini mosaic e hiki no? Ieoaeunoai e pili ana i nā haumāna i ka 2026 a 2046 noiʻi?

Ma waho aʻeo kēia nuipa a hoʻomakākiu, noiʻi-hou ma ka laulima me ka poʻe a me na aupuni, e hiki increasingly systematically intervene ola poʻe kānaka i loko, i mea e ho okumu randomized lāʻau hoʻokolohua. No ka mea, laʻana, i ka 'ehaʻeha o Contagion, ka noiʻi lākou i heluʻia 700.000 kanaka ma ka ho okolohua me ko lakou' ae 'ole kaʻike. A, e like me aʻu i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka Mokuna 5 (e holo mai ana ho okolohua), i kēiaʻano o ka malu conscription o ka i komo i loko o ia mea, aole uncommon. Eia, ka mea aole he pono ke alu like 'ana o ka nui poʻe. E like me au i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka Mokuna 5, noiʻi hiki increasingly mea i manao ai, ae kukulu kikohoʻe ho okolohua meʻole iaaanu koina, he uku' ole i mau hiʻohiʻona nō loa nui hoʻokolohua. E like me ka hiki i ka malama, i ka hiki ke systematically pīhoihoi ka manaʻo e paha hoomau i ka ulu.

Iloko o ka ili o keia mahuahua ka mana, noiʻi alo kue a me overlapping na rula, na kanawai, a me na kūmau. Hookahi kumu o keia inconsistency oia i na uea 'o ka mīkini makahiki, e hoololi ana i oi koke aku mamua o na rula, na kanawai, a me na kūmau. No ka mea, laʻana, ka mea Lei Rule (ia ke kauoha o na rula kālai'āina loa aupuni hoʻolako 'ia ma ka United States) i loli iki mai 1981. He ho'āʻo pono e Hōʻano hou i ka Lei Rule hoomaka ae la i ka 2011, aka, ua i paʻa like o ke kauwela o 2016. A lua kumu o ka inconsistency mea i kūmau a puni Hōʻuluʻulu Manaʻo manaÿo e like me pilikino ua malie ke Imi hoopaapaa e noiʻi, e pili'ē aʻe, a me ka activist. Ina hoʻomalu ma keia mau wahi hiki ole hikiʻaʻahu kona manaʻo,ʻaʻole mākou e kali ai empirical noiʻi, a komo, e hiki kona manaʻo ma kekahi. He hope loa kumu o ka inconsistency mea i mīkini makahiki noiʻi he increasingly hui i loko o nā pōʻaiapili ', e hiki aku ai i potentially overlapping kūmau a me nā lula. No ka mea, laʻana, 'ehaʻeha o Contagion he laulima ma waena o ka' ike nä känaka 'epekema ma Facebook a me ke Kumu, a puka ka haumāna ma Cornell. Ma Facebook, ua holo nui ho okolohua oaeouee e like me ka loihi o ko lakou hooko ole me Facebook i ka olelo o ka hana, a ma ia manawa, aole loa he kolu-aoao loiloi 'ia o ia mea. Ma Cornell na kūmau a me na rula, he loa okoa; virtually pono e nānā 'na hoʻokolohua, ma ke Cornell IRB. No laila, ka mea i na rula e hoomalu 'ehaʻeha o Contagion-Facebook no ke keiki a Cornell ke? I ka wa malaila, ua kue, a me overlapping na rula, na kanawai, a me na kūmau a hiki pono, 'o ia hoʻi noiʻi ke loaa ka pilikia e hana i ka mea pono. Ma ka oiaio, no ka mea, o ka mea inconsistency, aole paha, aole i lilo i hoʻokahi pono mea.

Nohona ma, keia mau hiʻohiʻona-mahuahua elua mana, a me ka nele o ka aelike e pili ana i ka mea mana e hoohana-ia hoʻi, ke i noiʻi hana ma ka mīkini makahiki e hele i ka maka ethical hana nui loa ia, no ka mea foreseeable wā e hiki mai. Mea pōmaikaʻi, noiʻi alo i keia mau hana nui loa ia, aole pono e hoʻomaka mai scratch. Akā, noiʻi lena i ka naauao, mai mua ulu ethical kumu a me na aieao, nā kumuhana apau loa o ka aʻe elua pauku.