Imisebenzi

• izinga lobunzima: kulula , ephakathi , kanzima , kanzima kakhulu
• idinga izibalo ( )
• kudinga ukufaka ikhodi ( )
• ukuqoqwa kwedatha ( )
• izintandokazi zami ( )

1. [ , ] UBerinsky kanye nozakwabo (2012) bahlola i-MTurk ngokuyingxenye ngokuphindaphinda izivivinyo ezintathu zakudala. Phindela izifo zakudala zase-Asia zakha ukuhlolwa Tversky and Kahneman (1981) . Ingabe imiphumela yakho ihambisana ne-Tversky ne-Kahneman? Ingabe imiphumela yakho ihambisana nalabo baseBerinsky nabasebenza nabo? Yini-uma kukhona-lokhu kusifundisa ngokusebenzisa i-MTurk ukuhlolwa kokuhlola?

2. [ , ] Emaphepheni athize okuthi "Kufanele Siphume," isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uRobert Cialdini, omunye wabalobi Schultz et al. (2007) , wabhala ukuthi wayesekhumula emsebenzini wakhe njengomprofesa, ngenxa yenkinga ayebhekana nayo ekuhloleni (psychology) okuqhuba ucwaningo lwe-lab (Cialdini 2009) . Funda ephepheni le-Cialdini, bese uyibhala i-imeyili emcela ukuba aphinde acabange ukuphumula kwakhe ngenxa yamathuba okuhlola okudijithali. Sebenzisa izibonelo ezithile zokucwaninga ezikhuluma ngokukhathazeka kwakhe.

3. [ ] Ukuze unqume ukuthi impumelelo encane yokuqala ivala noma iphela, i-van de Rijt kanye nosebenza nabo (2014) yaba phakathi kwezinhlelo ezine ezahlukene eziletha impumelelo kubahlanganyeli abakhethiwe ngokungahleliwe, bese zilinganisa impikiswano yesikhathi eside sale mpumelelo engafani. Ungacabanga ngezinye izinhlelo lapho ungasebenzisa ukuhlolwa okufanayo? Hlola lezi zinhlelo ngokuphathelene nezindaba zenani lesayensi, ukuphazamiseka kwe-algorithmic (bheka isahluko 2), kanye nokuziphatha.

4. [ , ] Imiphumela yokuhlolwa ingathembela kubahlanganyeli. Yakha ukuhlolwa bese uyigijima ku-MTurk usebenzisa amasu amabili wokuqasha ahlukene. Zama ukukhetha amasu wokuhlola nokuqasha ukuze imiphumela ibe yohlukana ngangokunokwenzeka. Isibonelo, amasu akho wokuqasha angaba ukuqoqa abahlanganyeli ekuseni nakusihlwa noma ukukhokhela abahlanganyeli ngenkokhelo ephezulu nephansi. Lezi zindlela zokungafani emasu okuqasha zingaholela emachibini ahlukene abahlanganyeli kanye nemiphumela ehlukene yokuhlola. Imiphumela yakho yahluke kanjani? Kusho ukuthini lokho mayelana nokusebenza kokuhlolwa ku-MTurk?

5. [ , , ] Ake ucabange ukuthi uhlela ukuhlolwa kokungenelela ngokomzwelo (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) . Sebenzisa imiphumela kusukela ekutadisheni Kramer (2012) ukunquma inani labahlanganyeli esimweni ngasinye. Lezi zifundo ezimbili azifani ngokuphelele ngakho qiniseka ukuthi ubala ngokucacile konke okucabangayo okwenzayo:

   1. Qalisa ukufaniswa okuzokwenquma ukuthi bangaki abahlanganyeli abazodinga ukuthola umphumela omkhulu njengoba umphumela ku- Kramer (2012) nge \(\alpha = 0.05\) kanye \(1 - \beta = 0.8\) .
   2. Yenza ukulinganisa okufanayo ngokuhlaziya.
   3. Njengoba kunikezwe imiphumela evela ku- Kramer (2012) kwakuyi-Contagion Yengqondo (Kramer, Guillory, and Hancock 2014) engaphezu kwamandla (okungukuthi, ingabe inabahlanganyeli abaningi kunalokho okudingekayo)?
   4. Kokucabanga okwenzile, okunomthelela omkhulu ekubaleni kwakho?

6. [ , , ] Phendula umbuzo wangaphambilini futhi, kodwa manje kunokuba usebenzise isifundo sokuqala sokuhlola ngokukwenziwa ngu- Kramer (2012) , sebenzisa imiphumela kusukela kokuhlolwa kwangokwemvelo kwangaphambili Lorenzo Coviello et al. (2014) .

7. [ ] Bobabili Margetts et al. (2011) no-van de Rijt et al. (2014) kwenziwa ukuhlolwa kokutadisha inqubo yabantu abasayina isicelo. Qhathanisa futhi uqhathanise imiklamo kanye nokuthola kwalezi zifundo.

8. [ ] U- Dwyer, Maki, and Rothman (2015) baqhubekele ukuhlolwa kwezinsimu ezimbili ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwemigomo yezenhlalakahle nokuziphatha okuqhubekayo kwemvelo. Nansi i-abstract yephepha labo:

   "Isayensi yengqondo ingase isetshenziselwe kanjani ukukhuthaza ukuziphatha kweproenvironmental? Ezifundweni ezimbili, ukungenelela okuhloswe ekukhuthazeni ukugcinwa kwamandla emvelo ezindaweni zokugezela zomphakathi kuhlolisisa amathonya ezinkambiso ezichazayo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo yomuntu siqu. Esifundweni 1, isimo sokukhanya (okungukuthi, sivuliwe noma sivaliwe) sasiqhutshwa ngaphambi kokuba umuntu angene endlini yokugezela yomphakathi engabanjwanga, ekhombisa isimiso esichazayo salesi simo. Ababambiqhaza babe nethuba elikhulu lokuvula izibani uma bephumile lapho bengena. Esifundweni sesi-2, isimo esengeziwe sasihlanganiswe lapho umkhuba wokuvala ukukhanya kuboniswa ngumbuthano, kepha abahlanganyeli bebengabhekene nokuziphendulela. Umthwalo wemfanelo womuntu wanciphisa ithonya lemikhuba yomphakathi ekuphatheni; lapho ababambiqhaza bengabhekene necala lokuvula ukukhanya, ithonya lendabuko lancipha. Le miphumela ibonisa ukuthi izimiso ezichazayo kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu siqu zingabusa kanjani ukuphumelela kokungenelela kweproenvironmental. "

   Funda iphepha labo bese uhlela ukuphindaphinda kwesifundo 1.

9. [ , ] Ukwakha kumbuzo odlule, manje yenza umklamo wakho.

   1. Imiphumela ifanisa kanjani?
   2. Yini engase ichaze lokhuhluko?

10. [ ] Kube khona ingxabano enkulu mayelana nokuhlolwa okusebenzisa abathintekayo abaqashiwe kusuka ku-MTurk. Ngokufanayo, kuye kwaba nokuphikisana okukhulu mayelana nokuhlolwa kokusebenzisa abathintekayo abaqashiwe kusuka kubafundi be-undergraduate. Bhala i-page-page memo iqhathanisa futhi ihluke abaTurkers nabakwa-undergraduates njengabahlanganyeli bezocwaningo. Ukuqhathanisa kwakho kufaka phakathi ingxoxo kokubili izindaba zesayensi nezokungena.

11. [ ] Incwadi kaJim Manzi engalawulwa (2012) isingeniso esimangalisayo emandleni okuhlolwa ebhizinisini. Encwadini yena wadlulisela indaba elandelayo:

    "Ngake ngisemhlanganweni nombono weqiniso webhizinisi, umbhali owenziwe ngokwakho obenomqondo ojulile, ozwakalayo onamandla wokuhlola. Inkampani yakhe yachitha imithombo ebalulekile ezama ukudala ama-window amakhulu esitolo esitolo esingaheha abathengi futhi yandisa ukuthengiswa, njengokuhlakanipha okuvamile ukuthi kufanele. Ochwepheshe bahlolwe ngokucophelela ngemuva kokuklama, futhi ngezikhathi zokuhlola izivivinyo ngabanye kuqhubeke iminyaka eminingi bengabonisi umphumela obalulekile we-design ngamunye wokubonisa ukukhangisa. Abaphathi abaphezulu nabathengisi bezokuhweba bahlangana ne-CEO ukuze babuyekeze le miphumela yokuhlolwa yomlando ku-toto. Ngemva kokuletha yonke idatha yokuhlola, baphetha ngokuthi ukuhlakanipha okuvamile kwakungalungile-ukuthi amafasitela angabonisi ukuthengisa. Isenzo sabo esinconywe ukunciphisa izindleko nemizamo kule ndawo. Lokhu kubonise ngokucacile ikhono lokuzama ukuguqula ukuhlakanipha okuvamile. Impendulo ye-CEO yayilula: 'Isiphetho sami ukuthi abaqambi bakho abahle kakhulu.' Isixazululo sakhe kwakungenxa yokwandisa umzamo ekukhangisweni kwesitolo, nokuthola abantu abasha ukuba bakwenze. " (Manzi 2012, 158–9)

    Yimuphi uhlobo lokuqinisekisa ukukhathazeka kwe-CEO?

12. [ ] Ukwakha embuzweni owedlule, cabanga ukuthi ukhona emhlanganweni lapho kuxoxwa khona ngemiphumela yokuhlolwa. Yimiphi imibuzo emine ongayicela-eyodwa yezinhlobo ezithile zokuqinisekisa (izibalo, ukwakha, ngaphakathi, nangaphandle)?

13. [ ] Bernedo, Ferraro, and Price (2014) bafunde umphumela weminyaka eyisikhombisa wokungenelela kwamanzi okuchazwe Ferraro, Miranda, and Price (2011) (bheka umfanekiso 4.11). Kuleli phepha, uBernedo kanye nozakwabo bafuna nokuqonda indlela okwenza ngayo umphumela ngokuqhathanisa nokuziphatha kwemindeni enayo futhi engazange isuke ngemuva kokuthola ukwelashwa. Okungukuthi, cishe, bazama ukubona ukuthi ukwelashwa kwathinta yini ikhaya noma umninikhaya.

    1. Funda leli phepha, uchaze ukuklama kwawo, bese ufingqa izimpendulo zabo.
    2. Ingabe ukutholakala kwabo kuthinta indlela okufanele uhlole ngayo izindleko zokusebenza okufanayo? Uma kunjalo, ngani? Uma kungenjalo, ngani?

14. [ ] Kulandelwa ku- Schultz et al. (2007) , u-Schultz kanye nozakwethu benza uchungechunge lwezivivinyo ezintathu (Schultz, Khazian, and Zaleski 2008) ekuziphatheni okuhlukile kwezemvelo (ithawula (Schultz, Khazian, and Zaleski 2008) ) ngezimo ezimbili (ihhotela ne-timeshare condominium) (Schultz, Khazian, and Zaleski 2008) .

    1. Qinisekisa ukuklama nokufundwa kwalezi zivivinyo ezintathu.
    2. Kanjani, uma kunjalo, bashintsha incazelo yakho ye- Schultz et al. (2007) ?

15. [ ] Ukusabela ku- Schultz et al. (2007) , Canfield, Bruin, and Wong-Parodi (2016) baqhube uchungechunge lwezilingo ezinjengalebhu ukutadisha ukuklanywa kwezikweletu zikagesi. Nakhu ukuthi bayichaza kanjani kulo mbuzo:

    Ucwaningo olususelwe ekuhloleni, umhlanganyeli ngamunye wabona imali ekhokhelwa ugesi emzimbeni womndeni onokusetshenziswa okuphezulu kagesi, okufaka ulwazi mayelana (a) nokusetshenziswa komlando, (b) ukuqhathaniswa nomakhelwane, kanye (c) nokusetshenziswa komlando nokuhlukunyezwa kwamandla. Abahlanganyeli babone zonke izinhlobo zolwazi kwelinye lamafomethi amathathu kufaka (a) amatafula, (b) emagrafu yamagra, kanye (c) namagrafu wesithonjana. Sibika ngeziphumo ezintathu eziyinhloko. Okokuqala, abathengi baqonda ulwazi oluthile lokusetshenziswa kwegesi-ukusetshenziswa kakhulu lapho lunikezwa etafuleni, mhlawumbe ngoba amathebula enza lula ukufunda okulula. Okwesibili, izintandokazi nezinhloso zokonga ugesi yizona eziqine kakhulu ulwazi lomlando lomsebenzisi, ozimele ngefomethi. Okwesithathu, abantu abanolwazi oluphansi lokufunda nokubhala baqonda yonke imininingwane engaphansi. "

    Ngokungafani nezinye izifundo zokulandelela, umphumela oyinhloko wesithakazelo Canfield, Bruin, and Wong-Parodi (2016) kubikwa ukuziphatha, hhayi ukuziphatha kwangempela. Yiziphi amandla nokubuthakathaka kwalolu hlobo lokucwaninga ohlelweni olubanzi locwaningo olukhuthaza ukugcinwa kwamandla kagesi?

16. [ , ] U- Smith and Pell (2003) banikeze ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta-analysis yezifundo ezibonisa ukusebenza kwama-parachute. Baphetha ngokuthi:

    "Njengokungenelela okuningi okuhloswe ukuvimbela impilo engafanele, ukuphumelela kwama-parachute akuzange kube nokuhlolwa okunamandla ngokusebenzisa izilingo ezilawulwa ngokungahleliwe. Abagqugquzeli bobufakazi obusekelwe emgodini baye bagxeka ukwemukelwa kokungenelela okuhlolwe ngokusebenzisa idatha kuphela yokubuka. Sicabanga ukuthi wonke umuntu angase azuze uma ama-protagonist amakhulu kakhulu obufakazi obusekelwe emthethweni ehlelwe futhi ahlanganyele ekuvivinyeni okubili okuyimpumputhe, okungahleliwe, okuyi-placebo elawulwayo, okuyi-crossover ye-parachute. "

    Bhala i-ed-ed efanelekayo ephephandabeni jikelele-yokufunda, njenge- New York Times , ephikisana nokukhishwa kobufakazi bokuhlola. Nikeza izibonelo eziqondile, ezikhonkolo. Ukusikisela: Bona futhi Deaton (2010) no- Bothwell et al. (2016) .

17. [ , , ] Ukulinganisa okungafani-kokuhlukana komphumela wokwelapha kungaba okuqondile kakhulu kunama-estimators okungafani. Bhala imemori kunjiniyela ophethe ukuhlolwa kwe-A / B esikhungweni sokuqala senhlalo yezenhlalo esichaza ukubaluleka kwendlela yokwahlukana-kokuhlukana kokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-intanethi. Le memo kufanele ihlanganise isitatimende senkinga, intuition ethile mayelana nemibandela lapho umlinganiso ohlukile-uma-umehluko ezokhipha khona isilinganiso sokulinganisa okushiwo, kanye nesifundo esilula sokulinganisa.

18. [ , ] UGary Loveman wayengumprofesa eHarvard Business School ngaphambi kokuba abe nguMphathi Omkhulu weHarrah, enye yezinkampani ezinkulu ze-casino emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi ehambela eHarrah, u-Loveman waguqula inkampani ngenqubo yokwethembeka ejwayelekile-efana ne-flier-like eqoqa imali enkulu kakhulu mayelana nokuziphatha kwamakhasimende. Ngaphezulu kwalesi sistimu yokulinganisa njalo, inkampani yaqala ukuhlolwa. Isibonelo, bangase baqalise ukuhlola ukuhlola umphumela wekhuphoni yebusuku yamahotela mahhala kumakhasimende anephethini elithile lokugembula. Nakhu ukuthi u-Loveman wachaza kanjani ukubaluleka kokuvivinya imikhuba yebhizinisi yansuku zonke yaseHarrah:

    "Kunjengokuthi awuhlukumezi abesifazane, awubi, futhi kufanele ube neqembu lokulawula. Lokhu kungenye yezinto ongalahlekelwa umsebenzi wakho eHarrah-hhayi ukusebenza iqembu lokulawula. " (Manzi 2012, 146)

    Bhala i-imeyili kumsebenzi omusha ochaza ukuthi kungani u-Loveman ecabanga ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba neqembu lokulawula. Kufanele uzame ukufaka isibonelo-kungaba yangempela noma eyenziwe-ukukhombisa iphuzu lakho.

19. [ , Uhlolo olusha luhlose ukulinganisa umphumela wokuthola izikhumbuzi zomlayezo wombhalo ekutholeni ukugoma. Imitholampilo eyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu, ngayinye eneziguli ezingu-600 ezifanelekile, zizimisele ukuhlanganyela. Kukhona izindleko ezilinganiselwe ze-$ 100 kumtholampilo ngamunye ofuna ukusebenzisana nawo, futhi kubiza u-$ 1 ngomyalezo ngamunye wombhalo ofuna ukuwuthumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma imiphi imitholampilo oyisebenzisayo izokala umphumela (ukuthi ngabe umuntu uthola ukugoma) mahhala. Cabanga ukuthi unesabelomali esingu-$ 1,000.

    1. Ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo kungase kube ngcono ukugxila izinsiza zakho kwinani elincane lemitholampilo futhi ngaphansi kweziphi izimo kungase kube ngcono ukusabalalisa kabanzi?
    2. Yiziphi izici ezizokhipha isayizi encane yomphumela oyokwazi ukuthola ngokuthembeka ngesabelomali sakho?
    3. Bhala i-memo echaza lezi zindlela zokuhweba kumuntu ongenakubhala.

20. [ , ] Inkinga enkulu ngezifundo ze-intanethi yi-attrition: abafundi abaningi abaqala izifundo baqeda ukuphuma. Cabanga ukuthi usebenza endaweni yesikhulumi sokufunda ku-intanethi, futhi umklami endaweni yesikhulumi usungule ibha yokuthuthuka ebonakalayo ayicabanga kuyosiza ekuvimbeleni abafundi ukuba bangaphumi kule nkambo. Ufuna ukuhlola umphumela wenkinga yokuqhubekela phambili kubafundi esikoleni esikhulu sezesayensi yezenhlalakahle. Ngemva kokukhuluma nganoma yiziphi izinkinga zokuziphatha ezingase zivele ekuhlolweni, wena nabalingani bakho bakhathazeka ukuthi le nkambo kungenzeka ukuthi ingabi nabanele ngokwanele ukuze bathole ngokuqiniseka imiphumela yebha yenkambiso. Ezibalweni ezilandelayo, ungacabanga ukuthi isigamu sabafundi sizothola ibha yokuqhubeka kanye nengxenye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungacabanga ukuthi akukho ukuphazamiseka. Ngamanye amazwi, ungacabanga ukuthi ababambiqhaza bahlukunyezwa kuphela ngokuthi bathole ukwelashwa noma ukulawula; azikwenziwa ngokuthi abanye abantu bathole ukwelashwa noma ukulawula (ngencazelo ehlelekile kakhulu, bheka isahluko 8 se- Gerber and Green (2012) ). Gcina ithrekhi nganoma yimiphi imibono eyengeziwe oyenzayo.

    1. Ake sithi ibha yenkambiso kulindeleke ukuthi yande inani labafundi abaqedela ekilasini ngamaphesenti angu-1; yimuphi usayizi wesampula odingekayo ukuze uhloniphe ngokuphumelelayo umphumela?
    2. Ake sithi ibha yenkambiso kulindeleke ukuthi yande inani labafundi abaqedela ekilasini ngamaphuzu angu-10 amaphesenti; yimuphi usayizi wesampula odingekayo ukuze uhloniphe ngokuphumelelayo umphumela?
    3. Manje ake ucabange ukuthi ugijimile ukuhlolwa, kanti abafundi abaqedile zonke izinto zokufunda baye bathatha ukuhlolwa kokugcina. Uma uqhathanisa izikolo zokugcina zokuhlolwa zabafundi abathola ibha yokuqhubekela phambili namanani alabo abangekho, uthola, kusimangaze kakhulu, ukuthi abafundi abangazange bathole ibha yokuthuthuka empeleni bahola ngaphezulu. Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi ibha yokuqhubeka yenza abafundi bafunde kancane? Yini ongayifunda kulo mlando wesikhathi? (Isihloko: Bheka isahluko sesi-7 se- Gerber and Green (2012) )

21. [ , , ] Cabanga ukuthi usebenza njengososayensi wedatha kwenkampani ye-tech. Umuntu othile ovela kumnyango wokuthengisa ucela usizo lwakho ekuhloleni ukuhlolwa abahlelayo ukuze bahlole ukubuyiselwa kokutshalwa kwezimali (ROI) yomkhankaso wokukhangisa omusha we-intanethi. I-ROI ichazwa njengenzuzo enhle emkhankasweni ohlukaniswe izindleko zomkhankaso. Isibonelo, umkhankaso ongazange ube nomthelela ekuthengiseni uzoba ne-ROI ye--100%; umkhankaso lapho izinzuzo ezakhiwe zilingana nezindleko ziyoba ne-ROI ye-0; kanye nomkhankaso lapho inzuzo eyakhiwe yayiyizindleko ezimbili zokuba ne-ROI ka-200%.

    Ngaphambi kokuqalisa ukuhlolwa, umnyango wokumaketha uhlinzeka ngolwazi olulandelayo ngokusekelwe ocwaningweni lwawo lwangaphambili (empeleni, lezi zindinganiso zijwayelekile emikhankaso yangempela yesikhangiso se-intanethi ebikwa ku-Lewis noRao (2015) ):

    • Ukuthengiswa okushoyo ikhasimende ngalinye kulandela ukusatshalaliswa kwegijimi-okujwayelekile nge-$ 7 nokuphambuka okujwayelekile kwe $ 75.
    • Lo mkhankaso kulindeleke ukwandise ukuthengisa nge $ 0.35 ikhasimende ngalinye, elihambisana nokwanda kwenzuzo ye $ 0.175 ikhasimende ngalinye.
    • Ubukhulu obuhleliwe bokuhlolwa ngu-200,000 abantu: isigamu eqenjini lokwelapha kanye nengxenye eqenjini lokulawula.
    • Izindleko zalo mkhankaso ngu-$ 0.14 ngomhlanganyeli ngamunye.
    • I-ROI elindelekile yalo mkhankaso i-25% [ \((0.175 - 0.14)/0.14\) ]. Ngamanye amazwi, umnyango wokuthengisa ukholelwa ukuthi kuzo zonke ama-dollar angu-100 asetshenziselwa ukukhangisa, inkampani izothola amaRandi angu-25 enzuzo.

    Bhala imemo ukuhlola lokhu kuhlolwa okuhlongozwayo. I-memo yakho kufanele isebenzise ubufakazi obuvela kumbono owenzayo, futhi kufanele uhlangabezane nezindaba ezimbili ezinkulu: (1) Ungancoma ukuthi uqalise lolu hlelo njengoba luhlelwe? Uma kunjalo, ngani? Uma kungenjalo, ngani? Qinisekisa ukuthi ucacile ngemigomo oyisebenzisayo ukwenza lesi sinqumo. (2) Yikuphi usayizi wesampula ongaziphakamisela kulolu cwaningo? Futhi sicela uqiniseke ukuthi ucacile ngemigomo oyisebenzisayo ukwenza lesi sinqumo.

    Imemo enhle izobhekana nalesi simo esithile; i-memo engcono izokhipha kulokhu ngenye indlela (isibonelo, bonisa ukuthi isinqumo sishintsha kanjani njengesisindo somphumela womkhankaso); futhi i-memo enkulu izoletha umphumela ogcwele ngokugcwele. I-memo yakho kufanele isebenzise amagrafu ukusiza ukufanekisa imiphumela yakho.

    Nazi amaphuzu amabili. Okokuqala, umnyango wokuthengisa kungenzeka ukunikeze ngolunye ulwazi olungadingekile, futhi kungenzeka ukuthi bayehluleka ukukunikeza ulwazi oludingekayo. Okwesibili, uma usebenzisa i-R, qaphela ukuthi umsebenzi we-rlnorm () awusebenzi ngendlela abantu abaningi abayilindele ngayo.

    Lo msebenzi uzokunika umkhuba wokuhlaziya amandla, ukudala ukulinganisa, nokukhulumisana nemiphumela yakho ngamazwi namagrafu. Kufanele kukusize ukuqhuba ukuhlaziywa kwamandla kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuhlola, hhayi nje ukuhlolwa oklanyelwe ukulinganisa i-ROI. Lo msebenzi uthatha ukuthi unolwazi oluthile lokuhlolwa kwezibalo nokuhlaziywa kwamandla. Uma ungajwayele ukuhlaziywa kwamandla, ngincoma ukuthi ufunde "I-Primer Power" Cohen (1992) .

    Lo msebenzi waphefumulelwa ephepheni elihle RA Lewis and Rao (2015) , okubonisa ngokucacile ukulinganiselwa okuyisisekelo kwezibalo ngisho nokuhlolwa okukhulu. Iphepha labo-ekuqaleni lalinesihloko esithi "Eseduze-Esingeke Senzeke Ukulinganisa Ukubuyisela Ukukhangisa" -kusho ukuthi kunzima kangakanani ukukala ukubuyiswa kokutshalwa kwezimali ezikhangisweni ze-intanethi, ngisho nokuhlolwa kwe-digital okubandakanya izigidi zamakhasimende. Ngokuvamile, i- RA Lewis and Rao (2015) ibonisa iqiniso elibalulekile lokubaluleka okubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlolweni kwe-digital-age: kunzima ukulinganisa imiphumela emincane yokwelashwa phakathi kwedatha yomphumela womsindo.

22. [ , ] Yenza okufanayo nombuzo odlule, kodwa, kunokuba ulingise, kufanele usebenzise imiphumela yokuhlaziya.

23. [ , , ] Yenza okufanayo nombuzo odlule, kodwa sebenzisa kokubili ukulinganisa kanye nemiphumela yokuhlaziya.

24. [ , , ] Cabanga ukuthi ubhale le memo echazwe ngenhla, kanti omunye ovela emnyangweni wokumaketha uhlinzeka ngolunye ulwazi olusha: balindele ukulungiswa okungu-0.4 phakathi kokuthengisa ngaphambi nangemva kokuhlolwa. Lokhu kushintsha kanjani izincomo ku-memo yakho? (Isiqephu: bheka isigaba 4.6.2 ngokuningi mayelana nokulinganisa okuhlukile-kwe-kusho kanye nesilinganiso sokulinganisa umehluko.)

25. [ , ] Ukuze kuhlolwe ukuphumelela kohlelo olusha lwe-web-based-assistance assistance, iyunivesithi yenza inqubo yokulawula ngokungahleliwe phakathi kwabafundi abangu-10 000 abangena ngonyaka wabo wokugcina wesikole. Ukubhalisa kwamahhala ngolwazi oluyingqayizivele lolwazi luthunyelwe ngesimemo se-imeyli esikhethekile kubafundi abangu-5 000 abakhethiwe, ngenkathi abanye abafundi abangu-5,000 bebeqenjini lokulawula futhi abangekho ukubhalisa. Ezinyangeni eziyishumi nambili kamuva, ukuhlolwa okulandelwayo (ngaphandle kokungahloniphi) kubonise ukuthi kuzo zombili amaqembu okwelashwa nokulawula, abafundi abangu-70% basebenze isikhathi esigcwele emkhakheni wabo abakhethiwe (ithebula 4.6). Ngakho-ke, kubonakala sengathi isevisi esekelwe kuwebhu ayinayo umphumela.

    Kodwa-ke, usosayensi ohlakaniphile wedatha eyunivesithi wabheka idatha kancane kakhulu futhi wathola ukuthi abafundi abangu-20% kuphela eklinikweni yokwelashwa bangene ngemvume ku-akhawunti ngemuva kokuthola i-imeyili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, futhi ngokumangazayo, phakathi kwalabo ababengena ngemvume kwi-website, kuphela abangama-60% abaye bathola umsebenzi wesikhathi esigcwele ensimini yabo ekhethiwe, eyayingaphansi kwesilinganiso sabantu abangangeni ngemvume futhi abaphansi kunezinga labantu esimweni sokulawula (ithebula 4.7).

    1. Nikeza incazelo yalokho okungenzeka kwenzeke.
    2. Ziziphi izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zokubala umphumela wokwelashwa kulolu cwaningo?
    3. Njengoba kunikezwe lo mphumela, kufanele unikeze le nsizakalo kubo bonke abafundi? Ukuze nje kucace, lokhu akuyona umbuzo onempendulo elula.
    4. Yini okufanele bayenze ngokulandelayo?

    Ukusikisela: Lo mbuzo udlula okungaphezulu kokuqukethwe okukulesi sahluko, kodwa ukhuluma ngezinkinga ezivame ukuhlolwa. Lolu hlobo lwe-design yokuhlola ngezinye izikhathi lubizwa ngokuthi umklamo wokukhuthazwa ngoba abahlanganyeli bakhuthazwa ukuba bahlanganyele ekwelapheni. Le nkinga yisibonelo salokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukungahambisani nemigomo eyodwa (bheka isahluko 5 se- Gerber and Green (2012) ).

26. [ ] Ngemva kokuhlolwa okungaphezulu, kwenzeka ukuthi ukuhlolwa okuchazwe kumbuzo odlule kwakunzima ngisho nakakhulu. Kwakukhona ukuthi abantu abangu-10% eqenjini lokulawula bakhokhela ukufinyelela kwesevisi, futhi baphela izinga lokuqashwa lika-65% (ithebula 4.8).

    1. Bhala i-imeyili efingqa lokho okucabangayo okwenzekayo futhi uncoma inkambo yesenzo.

    Ukusikisela: Lo mbuzo udlula okungaphezulu kokuqukethwe okukulesi sahluko, kodwa ukhuluma ngezinkinga ezivame ukuhlolwa. Le nkinga yisibonelo salokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukungahambisani nemigqa emibili (bheka isahluko 6 se- Gerber and Green (2012) ).