6.4 Lau kumu

Eha kumu e hiki alakaʻi noiʻi alo ethical maopopo, he: mahalo no ka poe, Beneficence, Lunakanawai, a me ka mahalo aku i ke kānāwai, a me na Paio.

Ka ethical hana nui loa ia e noiʻi maka ma ka mīkini makahiki, ua i kekahi mau mea okoa ma mua o ka poʻe i loko o ka hala. Eia naʻe, noiʻi ke kamaʻilio i keia mau hana nui loa ia ma ke kūkuluʻana i mua ethical manaʻo. I like ko, ke manaoio nei au i na kumu i hoike i ka elua hōʻike-The Belmont Report (Belmont Report 1979) , a me ka Menlo Report (Dittrich, Kenneally, and others 2011) -can kōkua noiʻi kumu e pili ana i ka ethical hana nui loa ia i ko lakou alo. E like me au i kakau i oi aku au mamuli o ka Historical i paiiaʻi na, elua o keia mau hoike a pau i nā hualoaʻa o ka nunui-makahiki kūkākūkā 'ana ma Panel o na akamai, me na uku no ka manaʻo kōkua o keʻano o nā kānaka hoʻopukapuka kālā.

Mua, i ka 1974, ma ka pane i ethical 'ana noiʻi, e like me ka mea notorious Tuskegee Syphilis Study (ike Historical i paiiaʻi na), i ka US Ahaolelo Lahui i hana i kekahi aupuni Komisina e kakau ethical lula no ka noiʻi' ole i kanaka kamaaina. Ma hope o eha makahiki o ke anaina ma ka Belmontʻaha kūkā Center, i ka pae hua mai la i ka Belmont Report, he slender aka, ikaika palapala. Ka Belmont Report, oia ke imi naʻauao kumu no ka Lei Rule, ke kauoha o na rula kālai'āina kanaka kumuhana noiʻi a huiʻoihana Review Boards (IRBs) uaʻano hana me ka pule (Porter and Koski 2008) .

A laila, i ka makahiki 2010, ma muli o ka ethical inā 'aʻole' o ka kamepiula malu noiʻi, a me ka pilikia o ana i ka manaʻo i loko o ka Belmont Hoike i ka mīkini makahiki noiʻi, ka US Aupuni, ua hōʻike hewa ka 'Oihana o'āina e malu ai-hana, he uliuli-ribbon Komisina e kakau he ana nō ethical? aieao no ka noiʻi pili i ka 'ike a me ka launa pu loea (ICT). Nā hualoaʻa o keia ho'āʻo pono,ʻo ia ka Menlo Report (Dittrich, Kenneally, and others 2011) .

Pu ka Belmont Report, a me ka Menlo Report kaumaha kumu eha e hiki alakaʻi ethical kūkākūkā 'ana e noiʻi: mahalo no ka poe, Beneficence, Lunakanawai, a me ka mahalo aku i ke kānāwai, a me na Paio. Ana i keia mau kumuʻehā ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, aole ia mau straightforward, a he hiki pono pilikia balancing. Na kumu, nae, e kokua mai möakäka hou kuai-mua aʻe nei, paipai loli i ka noiʻi 'manao, ae hiki ai noiʻi e wehewehe ana i ko lakou hoopaapaa ana ia i kekahi i kekahi, a me ka lehulehu.