4.5.1.1 bume Sebenzisa ezikhoyo

Uya kubaleka imifuniselo ngaphakathi bume ezikhoyo, kaninzi ngaphandle ukhowudo okanye intsebenziswano.

Ngamalungiselelo, eyona ndlela ilula ukwenza imifuniselo lwedijithali yokwaleka ukucikideka wakho encotsheni imeko ekhoyo, eyenza ukuba usebenzise yedijithali lamava entsimini. Ezi experiments esebenzisekayo isikali ngokuvakalayo ezinkulu kwaye zifuna ngokubambisana inkampani okanye uphuhliso lwesoftwe ebanzi.

Umzekelo, Jennifer Doleac noLuka Stein (2013) waxhakamfula kwimarike online (umzekelo, craigslist) ukuqhuba uphando Walinganisa calulo ngokobuhlanga. Doleac kunye Stein zipapashwe amawaka neeiPod, yaye ngokucwangcisiweyo nokukhe iimpawu lomthengisi, bakwazi ukufunda isiphumo uhlanga kwiintengiselwano kwezoqoqosho. Ngaphezu koko, Doleac kunye Stein wasebenzisa isikali yamava abo ukuqikelela xa nefuthe elikhulu (ukungafani of iziphumo zonyango) kwaye anikele ezinye izimvo malunga kutheni isiphumo lwenzeka (neendlela).

Phambi ekufundweni Doleac kunye Stein, kwakukho iindlela ezimbini eziphambili kongqinisiso ngokomfuniselo calulo. Xa imbalelwano izifundo abaphandi ukudala uyaqhubeka abantu bokwenene beentlanga ezahlukeneyo usebenzise ezi uyaqhubeka ukuba, umzekelo, isicelo imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Bertrand kunye Mullainathan ngayo (2004) bephepha isihloko lukhumbuleka "Ingaba UEmily Greg Okuninzi ukuqesheka Ngaphezu Lakisha and Jamal? A kweNgxaki Field on Labor Market calulo "lo mzekeliso emangalisayo isifundo imbalelwano. izifundo Imbalelwano Bekuyakuxabisa asezantsi noko uqwalaselo nganye, nto leyo yenza ukuba umphandi enye ukuqokelela amawaka abakuqapheleyo kwisifundo eqhelekileyo. Kodwa, izifundo imbalelwano ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga ziye akubuzwa kuba amagama ezinokuba umqondiso izinto ezininzi ukongeza ugqatso sicelo. Oko kukuthi, amagama afana UGreg, UEmily, Lakisha, kwaye Jamal kungabonisa udidi lwentlalo ukongeza nobuhlanga. Ngoko, nawuphi na umahluko unyango ushwankathelo Greg kunye Jamal kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngenxa ngaphezu iyantlukwano ngokobuhlanga kuthelekelelwa kwi sicelo. Izifundo Audit, kwelinye icala, kubandakanya ukuqesha abadlali beentlanga ezahlukeneyo isicelo umntu imisebenzi. Nangona izifundo uphicotho zinika umqondiso ocacileyo sicelo uhlanga, lawo lixhome kakhulu uqwalaselo nganye, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ngokokuqhelekileyo kuphela amakhulu bakuqapheleyo.

Digital zovavanyo endle, Doleac kunye Stein bakwazi ukwenza gqith enomtsalane. Bakwazi ukuqokelela idata ngendleko ephantsi ngalinye bunokulolongeka-kukhokelele amawaka nimana (njengoko kwisifundo imbalelwano) -yaye bakwazi ukuphuma ngokobuhlanga usebenzisa iifoto-ebangela umqondiso ocacileyo uncounfounded ngokobuhlanga (as in isifundo yophicotho ). Ngoko, okusingqongileyo online amaxesha yenza abaphandi ukwenza unyango ezintsha zineempawu nzima ukwakha ngenye indlela.

I-iPod izibhengezo Doleac kunye Stein ezahlukene ecaleni nemithathu eziphambili. Okokuqala, bona kohlulwe iimpawu lomthengisi, apho ezimpondweni ngesandla ukufota bebambe iPod [abamhlophe, abamnyama, abamhlophe kunye wamvambo] (Figure 4.12). Okwesibini, kohlulwe xabiso [$ 90, $ 110, $ 130]. Okwesithathu, kohlulwe umgangatho wesicatshulwa ad [ezikumgangatho ophezulu kunye libya-ezikumgangatho (umzekelo, iimpazamo zophuculo neempazamo spelin)]. Ngenxa yoko, ababhali kwakufuneka uyilo 3 X 3 X 2 kuthunyelwa kuzo zonke iimarike ngaphezulu kwama-300 zasekuhlaleni ukusukela needolophu (umzekelo, Kokomo, NGO kunye North Platte, NE) ukuba bhaza-imizi (umzekelo, New York naseLos Angeles) leyo.

Umboniso 4.12: Izandla ezisetyenziswa ukucikideka Doleac and Stein (2013) . neeiPod ebe kuthengiswe ngabo abathengisi ezineempawu ezohlukeneyo ukulinganisa calulo kwindawo yemarike online.

Avareji kuzo zonke iimeko, iziphumo kusilungele othengisayo ezimhlophe ngaphezu umthengisi abamnyama, kunye umthengisi umvambo ukuba iziphumo eliphakathi. Umzekelo, nabathengisi ezimhlophe wafumana inikeza yaye amaxabiso aphezulu intengiso lokugqibela. Beyond ezi ziphumo avareji, Doleac kunye Stein yaqikelela ukuba ukungafani yeziphumo. Ngokomzekelo, omnye wokuxela ukusuka ingcamango ngaphambili ukuba ucalucalulo kuba ngaphantsi kwiimarike ukuba nokhuphiswano. Ukusebenzisa inani ezingo ezifunyenweyo njengesingqinisiso ukhuphiswano emarikeni, ababhali kwafunyaniswa ukuba abathengisi abamnyama eneneni ungazifumani mandundu kwiimarike kunye neqondo eliphantsi ukhuphiswano. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuthelekisa iziphumo ngenxa iintengiso kunye ezikumgangatho ophezulu nokubhaliweyo libya-ezisemgangathweni, Doleac kunye Stein wafumanisa ukuba umgangatho ad akuthethi nefuthe elibi ejongene abathengisi abamnyama lomvambo. Okokugqibela, balisebenzisa yokuba izibhengezo bafakwa kwiimarike ngaphezulu kwama-300, ababhali kufumanisa ukuba abathengisi abamnyama ntweni ngakumbi imizi kunye nezinga eliphezulu lolwaphulo mthetho kwaye yocalulo eziphakamileyo zokuhlala. Akukho nanye kwezi ziphumo zisinika ukuqonda ngqo kanye kutheni abathengisi abamnyama kwafuneka iziphumo ngakumbi, kodwa, xa idityaniswe iziphumo kwezinye izifundo, bakwazi ukwazisa iimbono malunga ezibangela ucalulo ngokobuhlanga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo imicimbi yezoqoqosho.

Omnye umzekelo obonisa amandla abaphandi ukuba baqhube imifuniselo endle digital kwiinkqubo ezikhoyo na lophando olwenziwe jaon van de Rijt noogxa (2014) kwi izitshixo kwimpumelelo. Kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi, abantu ezibonakala efanayo uzakuphela iziphumo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu. Esinye isizathu le ndlela kukuba amancinci-kwaye kwakungabikho oluzenzekelayo-esinokuzifumana ukutshixa-in kukhula ngokuhamba kwexesha, inkqubo ukuba abaphandi kubiza uncedo lonyuselo. Ukuze abone ukuba ingaba impumelelo ezincinane lokuqala ukutshixa-okanye elingenakuguga, van de Rijt noogxa (2014) wangenelela kwizixokelelwano ezine ezahlukeneyo sikelelani Impumelelo nxaxheba randomly esikhethiweyo, uze Walinganisa iimpembelelo ixesha elide kweli impumelelo engaqondakaliyo.

Ngokungakumbi, van de Rijt noogxa 1) omele imali randomly iiprojekthi ezikhethiweyo kickstarter.com , website crowdfunding; 2) bangabahloli ncomo ngokungakhethiyo ekhethiweyo kwi-website epinions ; 3) wanika amabhaso kubanyulwa randomly ngabanikeli Wikipedia ; kunye 4) ezisayiniweyo randomly ezikhalazo kwi ekhethiweyo change.org . Uphando lufumanise Iziphumo ziyafana kakhulu kuzo zonke iinkqubo ezine: kwimeko nganye, abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba baye randomly nempumelelo lwakwangoko waya siphumelele ngaphezulu ezilandelayo ngaphezu kweentanga zabo ngenye ukuwubona ngokupheleleyo (Figure 4.13). Inyaniso yokuba mzekelo wabonakala kwiinkqubo ezininzi kwandisa semthethweni yangaphandle ezi ziphumo kuba lunciphisa ithuba ukuba oluluhlu bento nayiphi na inkqubo ethile.

Umboniso 4.13: neziphumo zexesha elide ngempumelelo randomly wazibeka iinkqubo zentlalo ezine ezahlukeneyo. Kaha van de Rijt noogxa (2014) 1) omele imali randomly iiprojekthi ezikhethiweyo kickstarter.com , website crowdfunding; 2) bangabahloli ncomo ngokungakhethiyo ekhethiweyo kwi-website epinions ; 3) wanika amabhaso kubanyulwa randomly ngabanikeli Wikipedia ; kunye 4) ezisayiniweyo randomly ezikhalazo kwi ekhethiweyo change.org .

Kunye, le mizekelo mibini ibonisa ukuba abaphandi uyakwazi imifuniselo endle yedijithali ngaphandle kwesidingo ukuba ngamaqabane neenkampani okanye imfuneko ukwakha iinkqubo yedijithali ezintsonkothileyo. Ngaphezu koko, Uluhlu 4.2 inika imizekelo ngakumbi abonisa uluhlu oko kunokwenzeka xa abaphandi basebenzise izibonelelo lweenkqubo ezikhoyo ukunikezela unyango kunye / okanye umlinganiselo iziphumo. Ezi experiments ayafikeleleka ngenxa abaphandi baza banikela kwiqondo eliphezulu emasikizi. Kodwa ke, ezi mvavanyo zibe abaphandi lawula phezu nxaxheba, zonyango, kunye neziphumo ukuba kulinganiswa. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuba eksperimenti ezenzeka kwinkqubo enye kuphela, abaphandi kufuneka abachaphazelekayo ukuba iziphumo kufuneka siqhutywe nokutshintsha inkqubo-ethile (umzekelo, indlela Kickstarter zeeteksi iiprojekthi okanye indlela change.org zeeteksi ezikhalazo; ngokuba ingcaciso engaphezulu, ukubona ingxoxo malunga neyokuqungaqunga algorithmic kwiSahluko 2). Okokugqibela, xa abaphandi ungenelele iinkqubo zokusebenza, imibuzo yeenqobo tricky ivelayo malunga ukwenzeka komonakalo nxaxheba, non-nxaxheba, kunye neenkqubo. Siza kuqwalasela le mbuzo ubalulekileyo ngakumbi kwiSahluko 6, kwaye kukho ingxoxo iluncedo kubo appendix van de Rijt (2014) . Urhwebo-kweziphumo kuza ukusebenza nenkqubo ezikhoyo ngokwako ngenxa kwiprojekthi nganye, yaye ngenxa yoko abanye abaphandi ukwakha inkqubo zabo zovavanyo, yesihloko kwicandelo elilandelayo.