2.3.5 hikiʻole

ʻO nāʻikepili i mālamaʻia e nā hui a me nā aupuni e paʻakikī i nā mea noiʻi ke komo.

I Mei o ka makahiki 2014, ua wehe ka US National Security Agency i kahi kikowaena kikowaena ma Umi-nuku me ka inoa kūpilikiʻi, ka Intelligence Community Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative Data Center. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻikeʻia kēia pūnaeweleʻikepili, iʻikeʻiaʻo ka UlaʻImi'Imelikaʻo Utah, i nā mea kupaianaha. Hōʻikeʻia kahi hōʻike i hiki iā ia ke hoʻolako a hoʻoponopono i nāʻano likeʻole me ka "nā mea piha piha o nā leka uila kūikawā, nā leka uila, a me nā huli Google, a me nāʻano pūnaewele pono'ī pūnaewele-kaʻa kaʻa a me nā mea kūʻai kūʻai. , a me kekahi pahu 'pahu' poʻomanaʻo hou '" (Bamford 2012) . Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻouluʻana i ka hopohopo e pili ana i keʻano o ka nui o kaʻike iʻikeʻia ma kaʻikepili nui, e ho'ākāka houʻia ma lalo nei, he kikowaena nui o ka pūnaeweleʻikepili waiwai i hikiʻole i nā mea noiʻi. Ma keʻano he nui,ʻo nā kumu nui o nāʻike nui e hoʻohana ponoʻia ana e hoʻomaluʻia a kauʻia e nā aupuni (e like me nāʻikeʻike kālā a me nāʻike hoʻonaʻauao) aiʻole nā ​​kamaliʻi (e like me nā nīnau i nā engines hulina a me nāʻike heluʻekolu). No laila, me kēia mau kumuʻikeʻikepili, ua waiwaiʻole lākou no nā hana o ka noiʻi kaiaulu no ka mea hikiʻole iā lākou ke hiki.

Ma koʻuʻikeʻana, nui nāʻike noiʻi i kūkuluʻia ma nā kula i maʻaʻole i ke kumu o kēia kūlana. ʻAʻole hiki ke loaʻa i kēia mauʻikepili no ka mea he poʻe naʻaupō nā kānaka ma nā hui a me nā aupuni, a'ōleloʻole, a me ka manaʻoʻole. Eia kekahi,ʻoihana pili kānāwai,ʻoihana, a me nā mea pale i ka hana e pale ai i ke komoʻana o kaʻike. Eia kekahi laʻana,ʻo kekahi mauʻaelike-a-lawelawe no nā pūnaewele wale nō e hāʻawi i nāʻikepili e hoʻohanaʻia e nā limahana aiʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi i kaʻoihana. No laila, ke hōʻike nei kekahiʻano o kaʻikeʻikeʻike i nā hui i nā kānāwai kūpono o ka poʻe kūʻai. Aia kekahi pilikia nui i nā kamaliʻi i komo i kaʻikeʻana i nāʻikepili. E ho'āʻo e noʻonoʻo pehea e pane mai ai ka lehulehu inā loaʻaʻole nāʻikeʻikepili mai Google mai ma kahi o ka papahana noiʻi o ke kulanui. ʻO kēlāʻano hōkeoʻikepili, inā nui, hiki paha ke lilo i pilikia no ka hui. No lailaʻo Google-a me nā hui nui loa - he kūlana kūpono loa ia - hōʻole e pili ana i ka hāʻawiʻana i nāʻike me nā mea noiʻi.

ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo,ʻo ka poʻe a pau e kū ana i kahi kūpono e hoʻolako i kaʻike i nāʻikepili nui kaʻike i ka moʻoleloʻo Abdur Chowdhury. I ka makahiki 2006, i ka wā i lilo aiʻo ia i poʻo no ka noiʻiʻana ma AOL, ua haʻaleleʻo ia i ka hapakū noiʻi āna i manaʻo ai he inoa inoa i ka inoa o 650,000 poʻe AOL. Ma kaʻu'ōlelo, ua kohoʻo Chowdhury a me nā mea noiʻi ma AOL i nā manaʻo maikaʻi, a ua manaʻo lākou uaʻikeʻole lākou i kaʻikepili. Akā ua hewa lākou. Uaʻike kokeʻiaʻaʻole ka inoa iʻikeʻoleʻia e like me kā ka poʻe noiʻi i noʻonoʻo ai, a ua hiki i nā mea leka mai ka New York Times ke hoʻomaopopo i kahi mea ma kahi maʻalahi (Barbaro and Zeller 2006) . I ka loaʻaʻana o kēia mau pilikia, ua weheʻo Chowdhury i nāʻikepili mai ka pūnaewele o AOL, akā, ua lōʻihi. Ua hoʻopili houʻia nāʻikepili ma nā pūnaewele pūnaewele'ē aʻe, a inā paha e heluhelu anaʻoe i kēia puke. Ua hoʻokuʻuʻiaʻo Chowdhury, a haʻalele ka lunaʻoihanaʻenehana o AOL (Hafner 2006) . E like me ka hōʻikeʻana o kēia hiʻohiʻona, nā mea maikaʻi loa no nā kānaka i loko o nā hui e kōkua i ka hōʻiliʻiliʻikeʻana he mea liʻiliʻi aʻoi loa ka weliweli.

Hiki i nā mea noi keʻike i kekahi manawa i kaʻikepili i hikiʻole ke loaʻa i ka lehulehu. ʻO kekahi mau kālai'āina e hana ai nā mea noiʻi e hiki ai ke noi aku no ke komoʻana, a ma keʻano o nā hōʻailona ma hope o kēia hōʻike hōʻike, hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke loaʻa i kekahi manawa i kaʻikepili pūnaewele. Eia kekahi laʻana, Einav et al. (2015) hui pū me kahi mea noiʻi ma eBay e aʻo i nā mea kūʻai pūnaewele. E kamaʻilio hou aku au e pili ana i ka noiʻi i loaʻa mai ma kēia hana ma hope aku ma ka mokuna, akā ua'ōlelo wau i kēia manawa no ka loaʻa o nā meaʻehā a pau aʻu iʻike ai i ka pilina holomua. . Uaʻike wau i ka nui o nā hana hana i hāʻule ma muli o ka nele o ka mea noiʻi a iʻole ka hoa pilikino he hui a iʻole aupuni-paha kekahi o kēia mau mea.

ʻOiai inā hiki iāʻoe ke kūkulu i kahi pilina me kekahiʻoihana a iʻole loaʻa i kaʻike i nāʻike aupuni, akā, aia kekahi mau haʻahaʻa noʻoe. ʻO ka mea mua, hikiʻole iāʻoe ke kaʻana i kāuʻikepili me nā mea noiʻi'ē aʻe,ʻo ia hoʻi,ʻaʻole hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke hōʻoia a hoʻonui i kāu mau hopena. ʻO ka lua, hiki i nā nīnau āu e noi ai ke kaupalenaʻia; hikiʻole i nā kamaliʻi ke noi i nā noiʻi e hiki ke hōʻino iā lākou. I ka hopena, hiki i kēia mau pilikino ke hana i ka mea e like me kahi paio i ka hihia, i kahi e manaʻo ai nā kānaka ua hoʻoikaikaʻia kāu mau hopena e kāu mau pilina. Hiki ke hoʻopukaʻia kēia mau mea i lalo, akā, he mea nui e hoʻomaopopoʻia ka hoʻohanaʻana me kaʻikepili i hikiʻole i nā mea a pau ke piʻi aʻe a lalo.

Ma ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana, nui loa kaʻikepili nui e hikiʻole i nā mea noiʻi. Loaʻa i ke kānāwai, kaʻoihana, a me nā mea pale e pili ana i kaʻaeʻana i kaʻike, aʻaʻole e hōʻaloʻia kēia mau mea pale e like me ka hoʻonuiʻana o kaʻenehana no ka mea,ʻaʻole lākou he lapaʻauʻoihana. Ua hoʻonohonoho kekahi mau aupuni i nā kaʻina hana no kaʻaeʻana i kaʻikeʻikepili no nā pūnaewele, akāʻo kaʻoihana keʻano nui loa ma ka moku'āina a me nā kūlana o ka moku. Eia kekahi, ma kekahi mau hihia, hiki i nā mea noiʻi ke hui pū me nā hui e loaʻa kaʻikepili iʻole, akā hiki ke hana i nā pilikia he nui no nā mea noiʻi a me nā hui.