ʻO ka mea e heluhelu ai i ka wā aʻe
- Hoʻomaka (mahele 3.1)
Ua hoʻopiʻi houʻia nā kumumanaʻo o kēia mokuna ma nā'ōlelo Pelekikena o kaʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa o kaʻImi Aʻo Noi (AAPOR), e like me ia e Dillman (2002) , Newport (2011) , Santos (2014) , a me Link (2015) .
No nā mea'ē aʻe ma luna o kaʻokoʻa ma waena o nā noiʻi noiʻi a me nā nīnau ninaninau hohonu, e nānā i ka Small (2009) . ʻO ke kūkākūkā i loko o ka hohonu, heʻohana ia o nā ala i kapaʻiaʻo ka ethnography. Ma ka noiʻi moʻonaʻauao, hoʻolimalima nui ka poʻe noiʻi me nā haumāna i ko lākou'ōlohelohe. No nā mea'ē aʻe ma luna o nāʻokoʻa ma waena o nāʻikepili a me nā nīnauele hohonu, e nānā iā Jerolmack and Khan (2014) . No kaʻike hou aku i ka moʻomeheu kālā, eʻike i Pink et al. (2015) .
ʻO kaʻu weheweheʻana i ka moʻaukala o ka noiʻi noiʻiʻana he mea pōkole loa ia e komo ai i nā hanana i hoʻoikaikaʻia. No kaʻike hou aku, eʻike iā Smith (1976) , Converse (1987) , a Igo (2008) . No kaʻike hou aku i kaʻike oʻekolu mau hope o ka noiʻi noiʻi, e nānā i Groves (2011) a me Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2008) (kahi eʻoki ana i nāʻekolu i keʻano'ē aʻe).
Groves and Kahn (1979) hāʻawi aku i kahi leka i loko o ka hoʻololi mai ka mua a hiki i ka lua o ka hopena o ka noiʻi noiʻi ma ka hanaʻana i kahi kūlike mua ma waena o ka nānā a me ke kelepona. ( ??? ) e nānā i hope i ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā'ōnaehana hōʻokoʻa.
No kaʻike hou aku i ka loli o ka noiʻi noi i nā mea i hala aku nei ma ka paneʻana i nā loli i ka hui kanaka, e nānā iā Tourangeau (2004) , ( ??? ) , Couper (2011) .
- E noi ana me ka nānāʻana (Section 3.2)
ʻO nā ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali o ka noiʻana a me ka nānāʻana ua hoʻopaʻaʻia e nā kumuhana loio (e like me Baumeister, Vohs, and Funder (2007) ) a me nā poʻe loio (like, Jerolmack and Khan (2014) ; Maynard (2014) ; Cerulo (2014) ; Vaisey (2014) Cerulo (2014) Vaisey (2014) ; Jerolmack and Khan (2014) ] ka hoʻokaʻawale iki ma waena o noi ana a me ka malama ana i kekahi kupu ana ma ka 'aoʻao hoʻokele waiwai, kahi noiʻi kamailio e pili ana i ka'ōlelo, a hōʻike mau makemake ma kekahi laʻana, he kanaka noiʻi o ke noi mai ia i nā mea i paneʻia paha ka mea, makemake ai hau kalima paha e hele ana i ka hale haʻuki.. (nā'ōlelo i makemakeʻia), aiʻole hiki ke nānā i ka manawa eʻai ai nā kānaka i ka ice cream a hele i ke keʻena hauʻoli (hōʻikeʻia nā koho). He hohonu hohonu ka manaʻo no kekahi mauʻano koho iʻikeʻia ma kaʻike waiwai e like me ia i hōʻikeʻia ma Hausman (2012) .
ʻO kahi kumu nui o kēia mau kumuhana,ʻaʻole i kūpono i kēlā me kēia kūlana hōʻike. Akā, e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia ma ka Mokuna 2, hikiʻole i nāʻikepiliʻikepili kūpono ke kūpono,ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻiliʻiliʻia ma kahi hoʻolālā o ka ukupanee, aʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea noiʻi. No laila, ke manaʻo nei au, i kekahi manawa, hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia nā hana i kūpono. Eia kekahi,ʻo ka mea nui loa o kēia mau kumuhana,ʻo ia nō nā hōʻike e pili ana i nā manaʻo,ʻike, nā manaʻo, a me nā manaʻo i kūponoʻole. Akā, ināʻikeʻia nāʻike e pili ana i kēia mau moku āpau e nā mea noiʻi - aiʻole e kōkua i ka weheweheʻana i kekahi mau hana a iʻole e like me ka mea e weheweheʻia - a laila ua noi paha. ʻOiai,ʻo ka hoʻonaʻauaoʻana no nā moku'āina āpau ma o ka nīnauʻana i nā nīnau ke pilikia paha no ka meaʻo kekahi manawa,ʻaʻoleʻike nā mea pane i ko lākou mau moku āpau (Nisbett and Wilson 1977) .
- Ka helu helu hōʻona (mahele 3.3)
ʻO ka Mokuna 1 o Groves (2004) he hana kūpono e hoʻolauleʻa hou i nā hua'ōlelo kū'ēʻole i hoʻohanaʻia e nā mea noiʻi noiʻi e wehewehe i ka pākuhi hewa paʻa. No ka hoʻolālā lōʻihi o ka puke o ka pūnaewele hoʻopihapiha piha, e nānā i Groves et al. (2009) , a no ka nānāʻana i ka moʻolelo, e nānā iā Groves and Lyberg (2010) .
ʻO ka manaʻo o ka wehewehe i nā hewa i loko o ka paʻakikī a me keʻano hoʻopaʻapaʻaʻana e piʻi mai ana ma ka aʻoʻana i ka mīkini; e nānā, e like me ka paukū 7.3 o Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) . Hoʻokomo pinepine kēia i nā mea noiʻi e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kahiʻoihana "palekana".
Ma keʻano o ka hōʻike, he hōʻeuʻeu nui i nā hihia o ka non response and non respondponse biasʻo ka hōʻike no kaʻaha kūkākūkā o ka'Āina Noresponse ma nā Pūnaewele Pūnaewele: A Agenda Research (2013) . ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kūpono i hāʻawiʻia e Groves (2006) . Eia kekahi, ua paʻiʻia nā hihia kūikawā a pau o ka Journal Journal Statistics , ka Quarterly Quarterly Public , a me nā Annals o ka American Academy of Politics and Social Science ma keʻano o ka paneʻole. I ka hopena, he mauʻanoʻokoʻa keʻano o ka heluʻana i ka lihi pane; ua weheweheʻia kēia mauʻaoʻao i loko o ka hōʻike a ka American Association of Public Opinion Researchers (AAPOR) ( ??? ) .
No nā mea hou aʻe ma ka palapala 19 Lite Lite Digest 1936, e nānā iā Bryson (1976) , Squire (1988) , Cahalan (1989) , a me Lusinchi (2012) . No kekahi kūkākūkā e pili ana i kēia pōkā ma ka'ōlelo hōʻailona e hōʻole ana i ka hōʻiliʻiliʻikepili hōʻailona, e nānā iā Gayo-Avello (2011) . I ka makahiki 1936, ua hoʻohanaʻo George Gallup i kahiʻano maʻalahi o ka hoʻomohalaʻana a ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui i nā kūpono kūpono me kahi hōʻailona liʻiliʻi loa. ʻO ka lanakila o Gallup ma ka Literary Digest he mea nui loa ia i ke kūkuluʻana i ka noiʻi noiʻi e like me ka ho'ākākaʻia ma ka Mokuna 3 o @ converse_survey_1987; mokuna 4 o Ohmer (2006) ; a me ka mokuna 3 o @ igo_averaged_2008.
Ma keʻano o ke ana, kahi punahele mua loa no ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā palapala Bradburn, Sudman, and Wansink (2004) . No nā hōʻailona'ē aʻe, e nānā iā Schuman and Presser (1996) , kahi e kau nuiʻia ana i nā nīnau nīnau, a me Saris and Gallhofer (2014) , heʻoi aku ka nui. ʻO kahiʻano'ē aʻe o ke anaʻana i loko o nā psychometrics, e like me ia i ho'ākākaʻia ma loko ( ??? ) . ʻO nā mea hou aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻolimalimaʻana e loaʻa ana i Presser and Blair (1994) , Presser et al. (2004) , a me ka Mokuna 8 o Groves et al. (2009) . No nā mea hou aku e pili ana i nā hoʻokolohua noiʻi, e nānā i Mutz (2011) .
Ma keʻano o ke kumukūʻai,ʻo ka maʻamau, ka puke-lōʻihi o ka hoʻomohalaʻana i kahi kūʻai ma waena o nā palena o nā noiʻi a me nā hapa Groves (2004) .
- ʻO wai ke noi (Section 3.4)
ʻElua mau lapaʻau maʻamau lōʻihi o ka hōʻailona kūpono kūpono a me ka manaʻoʻanaʻo Lohr (2009) (kahi hoʻonāukiuki) a me Särndal, Swensson, and Wretman (2003) (ʻoi aʻe). ʻO kahi maʻamau lōʻihi o ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka hoʻopiliʻana a me nāʻano pili Särndal and Lundström (2005) . Ma kekahi mau hoʻonohonoho helu-helu,ʻike nui nā mea noiʻi e pili ana i nā mea piliʻole,ʻaʻole i nui mau i ka wā i hala. Hiki i nā 'imi noiʻi ke' ike e pili ana i nā mea piliʻole, e like me ia i ho'ākākaʻia e Kalton and Flores-Cervantes (2003) a me Smith (2011) .
ʻO ka Xbox study na W. Wang et al. (2015) hoʻohana i kekahiʻano i kapaʻiaʻo ka hoʻoponopono o nā multilevel a me ka hoʻopiliʻana ("Mr. P.") e hiki ai i nā mea noi ke hoʻolālā i ka manaʻo o ka hui ā hiki i ka nui o nā hui. ʻOiai he mau paio ka pili e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o nā kuhi manaʻo o kēiaʻano, ua like paha ia me he wahi hoʻolaha eʻimi. Ua hoʻohana muaʻia keʻano hana ma Park, Gelman, and Bafumi (2004) , a ua hoʻohanaʻia ma hope iho a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa (Gelman 2007; Lax and Phillips 2009; Pacheco 2011; Buttice and Highton 2013; Toshkov 2015) . No kaʻike hou aku i ka pilina ma waena o nā mea kaupaona a me nā hui pūʻulu, e nānā iā Gelman (2007) .
No nāʻaoʻao'ē aʻe i ke kauʻana i nā pūnaewele pūnaewele, eʻike iā Schonlau et al. (2009) , Bethlehem (2010) , a me Valliant and Dever (2011) . Hiki i nā panelike pūnaewele ke hoʻohana i ka hōʻailona kūpono a iʻole nā kānalua kūpono paha. No nā mea hou aku ma nā pūnaewele pūnaewele, e nānā iā Callegaro et al. (2014) .
I kekahi manawa, uaʻike nā kānaka noiʻi he hiki i nā hōʻailona kūpono a me nā kānana kūponoʻole ka manaʻo likeʻole (Ansolabehere and Schaffner 2014) , akā uaʻikeʻia nā hoʻohālikelike'ē aʻe e like me nā meaʻinoʻole (Malhotra and Krosnick 2007; Yeager et al. 2011) . ʻO kahi kumu kumu no kēia mauʻokoʻa,ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hōʻano'ē nā lāpili kūponoʻole i ka manawa. No ka nānāʻana i nā hiʻohiʻonaʻokoʻa no nā hoʻolālā kohoʻanaʻole eʻike i ka AAPOR Task Force ma ka Hoʻolālā Kūponoʻole (Baker et al. 2013) , a ke hāpai pū nei hoʻi au e heluhelu i ka'ōlelo e pili ana i ka hōʻike hoʻopuka.
- Pehea e noi ai (mahele 3.5)
Conrad and Schober (2008) he leo i hoʻoponoponoʻia i kapaʻiaʻo " Imaging the Interview Survey of the Future ," a hāʻawiʻia i nā manaʻo likeʻole e pili ana i ka hikiʻana mai o ka nīnauʻana i nā nīnau. Couper (2011) keʻano o nāʻano likeʻole, a Schober et al. (2015) hāʻawi aku i kahi hoʻolālā maikaʻi o keʻano o nā hōʻiliʻili hōʻiliʻili i hoʻonohonohoʻia i kahi kiʻina hou e hiki ai ke loaʻa kaʻikepili kūpono. Schober and Conrad (2015) hāʻawi nei i kahi manaʻo nui e pili ana i ka hoʻomauʻana e hoʻoponopono i ke kaʻina o ka noiʻi noiʻi e pili ana i nā loli o ke kaiaulu.
Tourangeau and Yan (2007) loiloi i nā hihia pili i ka pilikanaka i nā nīnau koʻikoʻi, a me Lind et al. (2013) hāʻawi mai i kekahi mau kumu kūpono e hiki ai i nā kānaka ke hōʻike i nāʻike iʻoi aku ka maʻalahi i loko o ka nūele i hoʻonohonohoʻia. No nā mea e pili ana i keʻano o nā nīnauele o ke kanaka i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka nui o ka hoʻokomoʻana i nā noiʻi, eʻike iā Maynard and Schaeffer (1997) , Maynard, Freese, and Schaeffer (2010) , Conrad et al. (2013) , a me Schaeffer et al. (2013) . No kaʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka nānāʻana i nā'ōnaehana kūlike - nānā i Dillman, Smyth, and Christian (2014) .
Stone et al. (2007) hāʻawi aku i kahi mālama lōʻihi o nā puke no ka nānāʻana i ka manawa a me nāʻano pili.
No nā'ōlelo hou aʻe no ka hanaʻana i nā noiʻi he meaʻoluʻolu a waiwai nui no nā mea komo, eʻike i ka hana ma ka Method Tailored Design (Dillman, Smyth, and Christian 2014) . No kekahiʻano hoʻohālike'ē aʻe o ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā polokalamu Facebook no nā hoʻolālā'enepekema,ʻike i ka Bail (2015) .
- Nā nānā e pili ana i nā kumuʻikeʻike nui (paukū 3.6)
Judson (2007) i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻohuiʻana i nāʻike a me nā hoʻomalu hoʻolālā e like me ka "ʻikepiliʻike" a kūkākūkā i kekahi mau mea maikaʻi o kēiaʻano, a me ka hāʻawiʻana i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona.
No ka noi nuiʻana, ua nui nā ho'āʻo mua e hoʻoholo i ka koho pāloka. No ka nānāʻana i kēlā mau puke, e nānā iā Belli et al. (1999) , Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) , Hanmer, Banks, and White (2014) , a me Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) . E nānā i Berent, Krosnick, and Lupia (2016) no kaʻike i nā hualoaʻa i hōʻikeʻia ma Ansolabehere and Hersh (2012) .
He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo i ka mana o Ansolabehere a me Hersh e hōʻoiaʻiʻoʻia e ka maikaʻi o kaʻikepili mai Catalist,ʻaʻohe hoihoi o nā loiloi'ē aʻe o nā mea kūʻai kūʻai. Pasek et al. (2014) loaʻa kaʻilihune maikaʻi loa i kaʻikeʻana o nāʻikepili mai kahiʻikepili me kahi mea hoʻohana mai kaʻoihana Marketing Systems (nāna i hui pū me nāʻikepili mai nā mea hoʻolahaʻekolu: Acxiom, Experian, a me InfoUSA). ʻO kēlāʻano,ʻaʻole i kūlike ka waihona pūnaewele i nā pane iʻikeʻia e nā mea noiʻi ua pololei, uaʻikeʻoleʻia nāʻikepili no ka nui o nā nīnau, a ua kūlike ka hōʻailonaʻikepili me ka helu iʻikeʻia (ma nā'ōlelo'ē aʻe, ka nalowale ʻaʻoleʻike kaʻikepili.
No nāʻike hou aʻe ma waena o nāʻike a me nāʻike hoʻomalu, e nānā iā Sakshaug and Kreuter (2012) a me Schnell (2013) . No kaʻike hou aku i ka hui pūnaewele, eʻike iā Dunn (1946) a me Fellegi and Sunter (1969) ) a me Larsen and Winkler (2014) (nā mea hou). Ua hoʻokumuʻia nāʻano likeʻole i loko o kaʻepekemaʻepekema ma lalo o nā inoa e like me kaʻikepili data,ʻikeʻikepili, ka inoa like, ka mea kopeʻelua, a me kaʻike kope (Elmagarmid, Ipeirotis, and Verykios 2007) . Aia kekahi mau pilikino pilikino no ka hoʻopaʻaʻana i kahi pilinaʻole e ponoʻole i ka laweʻana i kaʻikeʻike kanaka (Schnell 2013) . Ua hoʻolālā nā mea noiʻi ma Facebook i kahi kaʻina hana e pili pono i kā lākou mau moʻolelo i ka hana koho (Jones et al. 2013) ; ua hanaʻia kēia pilina e loiloi i kahi hoʻokolohua aʻu e haʻi aku ai iāʻoe ma ka Mokuna 4 (Bond et al. 2012) . No nā mea hou aʻe no ka loaʻaʻana o kaʻaeʻana no ka launa pūnaewele, e nānā iā Sakshaug et al. (2012) .
ʻO kekahi kumu'ē aʻe o ka pilinaʻana i ka nānāʻana i nā loiloi kaiaulu nui i nā moʻolelo hoʻomalu aupuni e loaʻa mai ana mai ka Health and Retirement Survey a me ka Social Security Administration. No nā mea hou aku ma kēlā noiʻana, me kaʻike pūnaewele e pili ana i ka hana aelike, e nānā iā Olson (1996, 1999) .
ʻO keʻano o ka hoʻohuiʻana i nā kumu he nui o nā moʻolelo hoʻomalu i loko o kahiʻikepili pūnaewele-ka hana a Catalist e hoʻohana nei - aia i loko o nā keʻena helu o kekahi mau aupuni aupuni. Ua kākauʻia eʻelua kānaka noiʻi mai ka Statistics Sweden i kekahi puke kiko'ī no ke kumuhana (Wallgren and Wallgren 2007) . No kekahi hiʻohiʻona o kēia ala ma kahi o ka moku'āinaʻoʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa (Olmstead County, Minnesota, home of the Mayo Clinic), eʻike iā Sauver et al. (2011) . No kaʻike hou aku i nā hewa e hiki keʻike ma nā moʻolelo hoʻomalu, e nānā iā Groen (2012) .
ʻO kekahiʻaoʻao e hiki ai i nā kānaka noiʻi ke hoʻohana i nā kumuʻikeʻike nui ma ka noiʻi noiʻiʻana he kahua hoʻolālā no nā kānaka me nāʻano kiko'ī. Akā, hiki i kēia ala ke hāpai i nā nīnau e pili ana i ka pilikino (Beskow, Sandler, and Weinberger 2006) .
Ma muli o ka noi nuiʻana,ʻaʻole i like hou kēia ala e like me ka mea iʻikeʻia mai pehea wau i hōʻike ai. Loaʻa iā ia nā pilina pili loa iʻekolu mau'āpana nui ma nāʻikepili: ke kālaiʻia ma hope o ka hope (Little 1993) , ka helu (Rubin 2004) , a me kahi hoʻolālā koho liʻiliʻi (Rao and Molina 2015) . Ua pili pū kekahi i ka hoʻohanaʻiaʻana o nā hoʻololi o nā mea hōʻailona ma ka noiʻi olakamai (Pepe 1992) .
ʻO ka palena kumukūʻai a me nā manawa i Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) eʻike i nā mea hou aku i ka kumukūʻai-ke kumukūʻai o kekahi hoʻonui hou-aʻaʻole hoʻokomo i nā koina maʻamau e like me ka uku no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana a me ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i nāʻikepili. Ma keʻano laulā, hiki i ka noi nuiʻana ke loaʻa nā koina kūpono kiʻekiʻe a me nā koina pāliki likeʻole e like me nā hoʻomehehua hōʻoia (e nānā i ka mokuna 4). No nā mea hou aʻe e pili ana i nā noiʻi pūnaewele pūnaewele i nā'āina ulu, e nānā iā Dabalen et al. (2016) .
No nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka noiʻana i ka maikaʻi, makemake wau e aʻo hou e pili ana i nā koho nui (Rubin 2004) . Eia kekahi, inā piʻi nui ka poʻe noiʻi no ka mālamaʻana i ka helu helu, ma mua o nā kūlana o kēlā me kēia kanaka, a laila hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia nā ala i King and Lu (2008) a me Hopkins and King (2010) . I ka hopena, no nā mea hou e pili ana i ke ala e aʻo ai i ka mīkini ma Blumenstock, Cadamuro, and On (2015) , eʻike iā James et al. (2013) (ke kumu hou aʻe) aiʻoleʻo Hastie, Tibshirani, and Friedman (2009) (ʻoi aʻe).
ʻO kekahi o nā hihia kūpono no ka noi nuiʻana, hiki iā ia ke hoʻohana no ka hoʻopiʻiʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau i hikiʻole i nā kānaka ke koho e hōʻike i loko o ke ana i hōʻikeʻia ma Kosinski, Stillwell, and Graepel (2013) .
