4.4 Motsi bayan sauki gwajen
Bari mu tafi bayan gwaje-gwaje masu sauki. Mahimman bayanai guda uku suna da amfani ga gwaje-gwaje masu arziki: inganci, bambancin yanayin maganin, da kuma hanyoyin.
Masu bincike waɗanda suke sababbin gwaje-gwaje sau da yawa suna mayar da hankali akan wata takamaiman bayani: Shin wannan magani "aiki"? Alal misali, kiran waya daga wani mai bada agaji yana ƙarfafa mutum ya jefa kuri'a? Shin canza canjin yanar gizon daga blue zuwa kore ƙara danna-ta hanyar kudi? Abin takaici, sakin layi game da abin da "ayyuka" ya ɓoye gaskiyar cewa gwaje-gwajen da aka mayar da hankali ba sa gaya maka ko magani "yana aiki" a cikin ma'anarta. Maimakon haka, gwaje-gwajen da aka fi mayar da hankali sun amsa tambaya mai mahimmanci: Mene ne sakamakon wannan magani na musamman da wannan aiwatarwa na musamman ga wannan yawan mahalarta a wannan lokaci? Zan kira gwaje-gwajen da ke mayar da hankali kan wannan ƙananan tambaya gwaje-gwaje masu sauƙi .
Ƙwararrun gwaje-gwaje na iya samar da bayanai mai mahimmanci, amma sun kasa amsa tambayoyin da suke da mahimmanci da ban sha'awa, kamar su akwai wasu mutane wanda magani ya fi girma ko ƙarami; ko akwai wani magani wanda zai fi tasiri; da kuma ko wannan gwaji ya shafi abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma.
Domin nuna darajar motsawa fiye da gwaje-gwaje masu sauƙi, bari mu bincika gwajin nazarin analog da P. Wesley Schultz da abokan aiki akan dangantakar dake tsakanin al'amuran zamantakewa da kuma makamashi (Schultz et al. 2007) . Schultz da abokan aiki sun rataye kan gidaje 300 a San Marcos, California, kuma wa] annan ma'aikata sun kawo sakonni daban-daban da suka tsara don taimakawa wajen inganta makamashi. Bayan haka, Schultz da abokan aiki sun auna sakamako na wadannan sakonni game da amfani da wutar lantarki, bayan mako guda da bayan makonni uku; duba hoto na 4.3 don cikakken bayani game da gwajin gwaji.
Figure 4.3: Tsarin gwajin gwaji daga Schultz et al. (2007) . Taron aikin gwajin ya shafi ziyartar kusan gidaje 300 a San Marcos, California sau biyar a cikin mako takwas. A kan kowane ziyara, masu bincike sunyi karatun daga cikin wutar lantarki. A kan ziyarar biyu, sun sanya ma'aikata a kowanne gida suna bada wasu bayanai game da makamashi na gidan. Tambayar bincike ita ce yadda abun cikin wadannan saƙonni zai tasiri amfani da makamashi.
Sakamakon yana da yanayi biyu. Da farko, ƙananan gidaje sun karbi karin takardun makamashi (misali, sunyi amfani da magoya maimakon maimakon air conditioners) da kuma bayani game da amfani da makamashin su idan aka kwatanta da yawancin makamashi a yankunansu. Schultz da abokan aiki sun kira wannan yanayin yanayin da aka kwatanta saboda bayanin game da makamashin amfani a cikin unguwa ya ba da bayani game da hali na hali (watau misali na misali). Lokacin da Schultz da abokan aiki suka dubi sakamakon amfani da makamashi a cikin wannan rukunin, magani ya bayyana ba shi da wani tasiri, a cikin gajere ko tsawon lokaci; a wasu kalmomin, magani bai yi kama da "aikin" (hoto na 4.4) ba.
Abin farin cikin shine, Schultz da abokan aiki ba su yarda da wannan bincike ba. Kafin gwajin ya fara, sunyi tunani cewa masu amfani da wutar lantarki masu amfani da ƙananan lantarki sama da ƙananan-ƙila za su rage yawan amfanin su, kuma masu amfani da wutar lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki da ke ƙasa da ƙananan ƙwayar za su ƙara yawan amfani da su. Lokacin da suka dubi bayanan, wannan shine abinda suka samo (siffa 4.4). Sabili da haka, abin da yake kama da magani wanda ba shi da tasiri shi ne ainihin magani wanda ke da sakamako guda biyu. Wannan karuwa mai girma tsakanin masu amfani da haske shine misali na sakamako na boomerang , inda magani zai iya samun kishiyar abin da aka yi.
Figure 4.4: Sakamako daga Schultz et al. (2007) . Panel (a) ya nuna cewa tsarin kulawa na al'ada da aka kwatanta an kiyasta mummunan sakamako na jiyya. Duk da haka, panel (b) yana nuna cewa wannan sakamako na jiyya na hakika ya ƙunshi sakamako biyu na offsetting. Ga masu amfani masu amfani, magani ya rage amfani amma ga masu amfani da haske, magani ya ƙara amfani. A karshe, panel (c) ya nuna cewa jiyya na biyu, wanda ya yi amfani da layi da kuma ka'idoji na aiki, yana da tasiri irin wannan a kan masu amfani mai nauyi amma ya rage tasirin sakamako na boomerang akan masu amfani da haske. Ada daga Schultz et al. (2007) .
Sau ɗaya zuwa yanayin farko, Schultz da abokan aiki sun yi tafiya a karo na biyu. Gidajen da ke cikin yanayin na biyu sun karbi ainihin magungunan kula da makamashi da kuma bayanin game da makamashin makamantansu na gida idan aka kwatanta da matsakaici ga yankunansu-tare da ƙaramin ƙarami: ga mutanen da ke da amfani da ƙasa, masu bincike sun kara da cewa: ) da kuma mutanen da ke da amfani da matsanancin amfani da suka hada da :( An tsara waɗannan imoticons don faɗakar da abin da masu bincike suka kira dokoki masu tsarkewa. Dokokin da ke cikin aiki suna magana ne akan hasashe akan abin da aka yarda (da kuma wanda aka ƙi), yayin da ka'idodi masu bayanin sunyi magana akan hasashe na abin da aka saba yi (Reno, Cialdini, and Kallgren 1993) .
Ta ƙara wannan ƙananan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarancin intanet, masu bincike sun cika ragowar sakamako na boomerang (siffa 4.4). Ta haka ne, ta hanyar sanya wannan sauƙi mai sauƙi-canji wanda ka'idodin tunani na zamantakewa na zamantakewa (Cialdini, Kallgren, and Reno 1991) masu bincike sun iya sauya shirin da ba shi da aiki a cikin aikin da ke aiki, kuma, a lokaci guda, sun iya taimakawa wajen fahimtar yadda al'amuran zamantakewa ke shafar halin mutum.
A wannan yanayin, duk da haka, zaku iya lura cewa wani abu ya bambanta game da gwajin. Musamman ma, gwaji na Schultz da abokan aiki ba su da ƙungiya mai kula da su kamar yadda gwajin gwajin da aka samu. Misali tsakanin wannan zane da na Restivo da van de Rijt ya kwatanta bambance-bambance tsakanin matakan gwaji guda biyu. A tsakanin zane-zane , kamar Restivo da van de Rijt, akwai ƙungiyar kulawa da ƙungiyar kulawa. A cikin wasu batutuwa masu kwaskwarima , a gefe guda, halayen mahalarta an kwatanta da kuma bayan jiyya (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . A cikin gwaji na ciki shine kamar idan kowane ɗan takara ke aiki a matsayin ƙungiyarta ta kansa. Ƙarfin da ke tsakanin zane-zane shine cewa suna samar da kariya daga masu rikitarwa (kamar yadda na bayyana a baya), yayin da ƙarfin gwajin batutuwa ya ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun lissafi. A ƙarshe, don gabatar da ra'ayin da zai zo daga baya idan na ba da shawara game da zayyana gwaje-gwaje na dijital, wani zane-zane na zane-zane yana da kyakkyawar daidaitattun abubuwan da aka tsara a cikin batutuwa da kuma kare kariya daga rikice-rikice tsakanin zane-zane (siffa 4.5).
Figure 4.5: Ayyukan gwaje-gwaje uku. Binciken gwaje-gwajen da aka ƙayyade bazuwar amfani da zane-zane tsakanin abubuwa . Misali na zane-zanen halittu shi ne binciken Restivo da na van de Rijt (2012) akan barnstars da gudunmawar zuwa Wikipedia: masu bincike sun raba mahalarta a cikin magungunan kulawa da kulawa, sun ba mahalarta a cikin ƙungiyar kula da sutura, kuma idan aka kwatanta sakamakon da ƙungiyoyi biyu. Hanya na biyu shine zane - zane masu ciki. Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen biyu a Schultz da abokan aiki (2007) binciken akan al'amuran zamantakewa da makamashi suna amfani da zane-zane: masu bincike sun kwatanta amfani da wutar lantarki da mahalarta kafin kuma bayan sun karbi magani. Abubuwan da ke cikin zane-zane sun ba da cikakkiyar daidaito, amma suna buɗewa ga masu tayar da hankali (misali, canje-canje a yanayi tsakanin (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) magani da lokuta) (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . Tsarin-zane-zanen kayayyaki ma ana kira ma'anar matakan mahimmanci. A} arshe, kayan haɗin gwiwar sun hada da ingantacciyar daidaitattun cikin-zane-zane da kariya daga rikice-rikice na tsakanin batutuwa. A cikin wani tsari mai haɗi, wani mai bincike ya kwatanta canji a sakamakon ga mutanen da ke kulawa da kulawa. A lokacin da masu bincike sun riga sun riga sun samu bayanai, kamar yadda ya faru a yawancin gwaje-gwaje na dijital, kayayyaki masu haɗi sun fi dacewa da zane-zane tsakanin zane-zane don suna haifar da daidaitattun ƙididdiga.
Gaba ɗaya, zane da sakamakon binciken da Schultz da abokan aiki (2007) nuna darajar motsawa fiye da gwaje-gwaje masu sauki. Abin farin ciki, ba lallai baku bukatar zama mai basira mai zurfi don tsara gwaje-gwaje irin wannan. Masana kimiyya na zamantakewar al'umma sun samo asali guda uku da zasu jagoranci ku ga gwaje-gwajen da suka fi dacewa: (1) inganci, (2) mahallin maganin jiyya, da (3) hanyoyin. Wato, idan ka ci gaba da tunawa da waɗannan abubuwa uku yayin da kake tsara gwajinka, za ka ƙirƙirar wata hanya mai ban sha'awa da amfani. Don nuna alamun waɗannan ka'idoji guda uku a cikin aikin, zan bayyana wasu ƙididdigar da aka yi a cikin filin wasanni na zamani wanda ya gina akan kyakkyawan zane da kuma kyakkyawar sakamakon Schultz da abokan aiki (2007) . Kamar yadda za ku gani, ta hanyar yin hankali, tsarawa, bincike, da kuma fassarar, ku ma za ku iya wucewa bayan gwaje-gwaje masu sauki.
