2.3.3 Ba da amfani ba

Matakan da ke cikin manyan bayanan bayanan mai yawa sun iya canza hali.

Ɗaya daga cikin kalubale na bincike na zamantakewa shine cewa mutane zasu iya canza dabi'arsu idan sun san cewa masu bincike sun lura da su. Masana kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma suna kira wannan amsawa (Webb et al. 1966) . Alal misali, mutane zasu iya zama masu karimci a cikin nazarin gwaje-gwaje fiye da nazarin filin saboda a cikin tsohon suna sane da cewa ana kiyaye su (Levitt and List 2007a) . Ɗaya daga cikin manyan bayanai da yawancin masu bincike suka sami alamar rahama shine masu mahalarta ba su san cewa ana kama bayanai ba ko kuma sun kasance sun saba da wannan rukunin bayanan cewa ba ta sake canza halin su ba. Saboda mahalarta ba su da hanzari , sabili da haka, ana iya amfani da yawan bayanai da yawa don nazarin halin da ba a iya daidaitawa ba a baya. Alal misali, Stephens-Davidowitz (2014) yi amfani da maganganun wariyar launin fata a binciken bincike na bincike don auna launin launin fata a yankuna daban-daban na Amurka. Wanda ba shi da karfi ba ne (duba ɓangare na 2.3.1) yanayin yanayin bincike ya kunna matakan da zai yi wuya ta amfani da wasu hanyoyi, kamar su binciken.

Amma rashin rashin aiki, duk da haka, ba ya tabbatar da cewa waɗannan bayanai sune komai daidai ne game da halayyar mutum ko halaye. Alal misali, a matsayin daya daga cikin masu sauraron tambayoyin da aka yi a cikin tambayoyin, ya ce, "Ba wai ina da matsala ba, ba kawai zan sa su kan Facebook" (Newman et al. 2011) . A wasu kalmomi, kodayake wasu manyan bayanan bayanai ba su da kullun, ba koyaushe suna ba da ladabi ba, don al'amuran mutane suna so su gabatar da kansu a hanya mafi kyau. Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda zan bayyana a baya a cikin babi, halin da ake ciki a manyan kafofin watsa labaru na wasu lokuta wani abu ne mai tasiri ta hanyar burin masu bin mallaka, batun da zan kira algorithmic confounding . A ƙarshe, kodayake rashin aiki yafi amfani da bincike, dabi'un mutanen kirki ba tare da yardar su ba ko kuma fahimtar su sun damu da damuwar da zan bayyana dalla-dalla a babi na 6.

Abubuwan haɓaka guda uku waɗanda na bayyana kawai-manyan, da-da-da-wane, da kuma marasa aiki-sune kullum, amma ba koyaushe ba, suna da amfani don nazarin zamantakewa. Na gaba, zan juya ga dukiya bakwai na manyan bayanan bayanan bayanai-marasa cikakku, marasa tabbas, wadanda ba wakilci, drifting, algorithmically confounded, dirty, da kuma m-cewa kullum, amma ba koyaushe, haifar da matsalolin bincike.