6.4.2 Beneficence
Beneficence imalunga ukuqonda nokuphucula risk profile / inzuzo yokufunda yakho, uze isigqibo ukuba wasibetha eseleyo kunene.
INgxelo Belmont uxoxa ukuba Umgaqo Beneficence yimbopheleleko ukuba abaphandi kufuneka nxaxheba, kwaye lubandakanya iinxalenye ezimbini: (1) musa ukulimaza kwaye (2) ukwandisa izibonelelo kunokwenzeka nokunciphisa tywaleni kunokwenzeka. INgxelo Belmont uchaza ingcamango "musa ukulimaza" nesithethe Hippocratic kwi yezonyango, kwaye no ku va ifomu ngamandla apho abaphandi "akufuneki kwenzakale umntu kungakhathaliseki iingenelo abanye ' (Belmont Report 1979) . Nangona kunjalo, iNgxelo Belmont liyavuma kwakhona ukuba ukufunda oko kuluncedo kunokuquka edandalazisa abanye abantu engozini. Ngoko, imfuneko yokwenza imbi banokuba ungquzulwano kunye kunyanzelekile ukuba bafunde, zikhokelela abaphandi ukwenza izigqibo ngamanye amaxesha kunzima malunga "xa kunezizathu bafune izibonelelo ezithile nangona imingcipheko ebandakanyeka, kwaye xa izibonelelo kufuneka bayifumane ngenxa imingcipheko. " (Belmont Report 1979)
Ukuziqhelisa, umgaqo Beneficence sele wabatyhilelayo kuthetha ukuba abaphandi kufuneka enze iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: umngcipheko / uhlalutyo benefit uze isigqibo malunga nokuba imingcipheko kunye neenzuzo abethe ulingano yeenqobo ezisesikweni ezifanelekileyo. Le nkqubo wokuqala becala ngumbandela yobugcisa ezifuna substantive ubuchule, kwaye eyesibini ubukhulu becala ngumbandela ezisesikweni apho ubungcali substantive kunokuba luncedo ngaphantsi okanye yingozi.
A Uhlalutyo risk / benefit kuquka ukuqonda kunye nokuphucula iingozi kunye neenzuzo isifundo. Uhlalutyo umngcipheko kufuneka sibandakanye imiba emibini: nokulindeleka ngeliso elibi nobukhali ezo ziganeko. Ngethuba lalo mjikelo, umzekelo, umphandi ulwe uyilo lophononongo ukunciphisa nokulindeleka isiganeko esibi (umzekelo, isikrini phandle nxaxheba basesichengeni) okanye ukunciphisa ubuzaza isiganeko esibi ukuba kwenzeka (umz, enze iingcebiso ekhoyo nxaxheba uyicela). Ngaphezu koko, xa le nkqubo abaphandi kufuneka sikhumbule ifuthe umsebenzi wabo kungekhona nje nxaxheba, kodwa kwi non-nxaxheba kunye nezentlalo. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukucikideka yi Restivo and van de Rijt (2012) malunga nefuthe bawongwa Wikipedia abahleli (kuchaziwe kwiSahluko 4). Kulo zolingelo, abaphandi wanika amabhaso abanye kubahleli ukuba ingqalelo abafanelekayo uze umkhondo iminikelo yabo Wikipedia kuthelekiswa neqela ulawulo abahleli abafanele ngokulinganayo kuye abaphandi abazange ukunika ibhaso. Kwesi sifundo sithile, inani amabhaso esanikela encinane, kodwa ukuba abaphandi ukuba yayizele Wikipedia amabhaso kwakunokuba eyayiphazamisa uluntu abahleli ngaphandle kokuzenzakalisa nayiphi kubo ngabanye. Ngamanye amazwi, xa besenza uhlalutyo risk / benefit kufuneka ucinge malunga neempembelelo umsebenzi wakho kungekhona nje nxaxheba kodwa ehlabathini ngokubanzi.
Okulandelayo, xa iingozi ziye inciphisiwe kwaye iinzuzo nkulu, abaphandi kufuneka ukuhlola enoba isifundo wabetha ulungelelwano kakuhle. Iingcaphephe musa Ungacebisa ukuzala elula iindleko neenzuzo. Ngokukodwa, ezinye iingozi ziguqulela uphando akuvumelekanga enoba iinzuzo (umzekelo, le Tuskegee Gcushuwa Study luchazwa kwi i appendix Historical). Ngokungafaniyo uhlalutyo risk / benefit, leyo kakhulu zobugcisa, le Inyathelo lesibini ngokweenqobo nzulu kwaye eneneni uyatyetyiswa ngabantu abangenayo ngqo kwisifundo-ndawo nobuchule. Enyanisweni, ngenxa yokuba bangaphandle badla ngokuphawula izinto ezahlukileyo insiders, IRBs kwi US kufuneka ukuba ubuncinane omnye non-umphandi. Ngokwamava am akule IRB, ezi bangaphandle kunokuba luncedo lokuthintela iqela-ucinga. Ngoko ukuba usenkathazweni isigqibo ukuba iprojekthi yakho uphando Obethe uhlalutyo risk / benefit efanelekileyo musa nje cela oogxa bakho, zama ukubuza ezinye non-abaphandi; iimpendulo zabo ukuze obungayilindelanga.
Ukusebenzisa umgaqo Beneficence kule mizekelo ezintathu ibalaselisa isibakala sokuba kukho basoloko ukungaqiniseki kakhulu malunga neengozi phambi uqalisa isifundo. Umzekelo, abaphandi wayengazi linokuba okanye ubukhulu iziganeko ezibi ukuba inokubangelwa izifundo zabo. Le ukungaqiniseki okunene Ixhaphake kuphando ubudala digital, yaye kamva kwesi sahluko, ndiza kunikela lonke icandelo le mngeni ukwenza izigqibo ubuso ukungaqiniseki (Icandelo 6.6.4). Noko ke, umgaqo Beneficence lukwacebisa utshintsho ukuze kwenziwa ezi zifundo ukuphucula eseleyo mngcipheko / inzuzo. Umzekelo, kwi njengesifo beemvakalelo, abaphandi ukuba baye bazama ukubavavanyela abantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka eli-18 ubudala nabantu kunokuba kusenokwenzeka ingakumbi ukuba asabele kakubi unyango. Kwakuya azama ukunciphisa inani nxaxheba ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo manani (njengoko ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha kwiSahluko 4). Ngaphezu koko, ukuba baye bazama esweni nxaxheba unike uncedo nakubani na ukuba wabonakala ukuba onzakaliswe. Xa Ukungcamla, sies, kwaye Time, abaphandi kwakunokumbulalisa ezikhuselayo ezingaphezulu endaweni xa lakhupha idatha (nangona iinkqubo zabo zivunywe IRB yaseHarvard ngayo leyo ebonisa ukuba ziyangqinelana na eqhelekileyo ngelo xesha); Ndiza asinike amacebiso ezinye ezithile ithululele data kamva kwisahluko xa ukuchaza umngcipheko zolwazi (Icandelo 6.6.2). Ekugqibeleni, elithile, abaphandi ukuba azame ukunciphisa inani lezicelo yingozi ukuba badalwa ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo lomlinganiselo projekthi, kwaye kusenokwenzeka ukuba ngaphandle nxaxheba ezizezona ngeengozi phakathi koorhulumente resistance. Nganye kwezi tshintsho kunokwenzeka uza kungenisa urhwebo-offs kungena kuyilo yezi projekthi, yaye injongo yam obucebisa ukuba oku abaphandi kufuneka kwenziwe ezi nguqu. Kunoko, injongo yam ukubonisa iintlobo utshintsho ukuba Umgaqo Beneficence uyakwazi zibonisa.
Okokugqibela, nangona ubudala lwedijithali ngokubanzi wenza alwaba iingozi kunye neenzuzo ezintsonkothileyo, eneneni wenza kube lula abaphandi ukwandisa iinzuzo yomsebenzi wabo. Ingakumbi, izixhobo ephakade yedijithali lula kakhulu uphando evulekileyo kwaye reproducible, apho abaphandi yenza idata zophando kwaye ikhowudi ifumaneke abanye abaphandi kunye nokwenza amaphepha zabo ifumaneke kuluntu ngokupapasha ufikelelo evulekileyo. Olu tshintsho ukuvula nophando reproducible, lo gama kungekho ithetha ezilula, unika indlela kubaphandi ukwandisa iinzuzo yophando lwabo ngaphandle ebhenca nxaxheba nawuphi na umngcipheko ezongezelelweyo (yokwabelana data ukunxaxha eza kuxutyushwa ngokwenkcukacha kwicandelo zolwazi umngcipheko (Icandelo 6.6.2)).
