6.6.1 imvume esekelwe elwazini

Abaphandi kufuneka, unako, kwaye ulandele ulawulo: uhlobo imvume zophando ezininzi.

Imvume esekelwe elwazini Yimbono-kwezinye ezisisiseko usenokuthi elikufuphi phithi (Emanuel, Wendler, and Grady 2000; Manson and O'Neill 2007) zokuphatha uphando -ukuze. Uguqulelo elula yeenqobo phando uthi: "imvume esekelwe elwazini kuzo zonke." Lo mthetho elula, kunjalo, akukho nto iyahambelana nemigaqo ekhoyo yokuziphatha, ummiselo ezisesikweni, okanye ukwenza uphando. Endaweni yoko, abaphandi kufuneka, unako, wenze ukulandela umthetho olunzima kakhulu: ". Uhlobo bokuvuma zophando ezininzi"

Okokuqala, ukuze afudukele ngaphaya iingcinga ngokugqithiseleyo zilula malunga ngesivumelwano nesigulana eso, ndifuna ukukuxelela malunga eksperimenti endle ukufunda calulo (ezi zagutyungelwa isuntswana kwiSahluko 4 ngokunjalo). Kwezi zifundo, izicelo ukuqhatha abo iimpawu-ezifana ezahlukileyo njenge noyindoda noyinkazana-isicelo imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ukuba omnye uhlobo sicelo inqamla bebeqeshwe ireyithi ephezulu, ngoko abaphandi sinokugqiba kubekho ucalulo kwinkqubo yokuqesha. Ukulungiselela iinjongo kwesi sahluko, eyona nto ibaluleke ngayo kwezi mvavanyo kukuba nxaxheba kwezi mvavanyo-abaqeshi-kuze bakhuphe imvume. Enyanisweni, ezi nxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo walukuhlwa ngayo izicelo zomgunyathi. Sekunjalo, amalinge endle ukufunda nocalucalulo kuye kwenziwa kwizifundo ubuncinane 117 kumazwe 17 (Riach and Rich 2002; Rich 2014) .

Abaphandi abasebenzisa eksperimenti endle ukufunda ucalucalulo baqaphele iinkalo ezine zezi zifundo ukuba, xa idityanisiwe, uzenze nemikhwa leyo kuvumelekile: 1) ngomonakalo ezimbalwa kubaqeshi, 2) inzuzo enkulu yoluntu yokuba umlinganiselo enokuthenjwa calulo, 3) nento ezinye iindlela zokubona ucalucalulo, kunye 4) yokuba inkohliso akuthethi ngamandla kungqubana zokuphatha esosicwangciso (Riach and Rich 2004) . Nganye kwezi meko kubalulekile, yaye nayiphi na kubo onganeliyo, kwimeko efanelekileyo kuya kuba nzima kakhulu. Ezintathu kwezi mpawu anokuzuzwa nemigaqo yokuziphatha kwiNgxelo Belmont: umonakalo eliqingqiweyo (Intlonelo Abantu kunye Beneficence) kwaye inzuzo enkulu ubuthathaka kwezinye iindlela (Beneficence and Justice). Eyona nkalo yokugqibela, non-calulo olwaphula kwezithethe contextual, anokuzuzwa Zihlonele Report Menlo ngenxa Law and Public Inzala. Ngamanye amazwi, izicelo engqesho isicwangciso apho sele kukho abathile ukulindela inkohliso kunokwenzeka. Ngoko ke, ezi mvavanyo ningabi salihlambela lo mhlaba yeenqobo sele acwengileyo.

Ukongeza kule ngxoxo imigaqo-based, inkitha IRBs baye bagqiba ukuba ukunqongophala imvume kwezi zifundo kuyahluka imithetho ekhoyo, ingakumbi Common Rule §46.116, inxalenye (d). Okokugqibela, iinkundla US baye likwaxhase ukunqongophala imvume kunye nkohliso imifuniselo endle ukulinganisa calulo (No. 81-3029. United States weNkundla Yezibheno, Seventh Circuit). Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa yemifuniselo intsimi ngaphandle kwemvume iyahambelana nemigaqo yokuziphatha ezikhoyo kunye nemigaqo ekhoyo (ubuncinane imithetho US). Le ndlela yokuqiqa iye inkxaso ebanzi koluntu uphando lwentlalo, inkitha IRBs, kwaye yiNkundla US Yezibheno. Ngoko ke, kufuneka niwutshitshise umthetho elula "imvume esekelwe elwazini kuzo zonke." Lo asingomqathango ukuba abaphandi ezilandelayo, okanye ngaba ulawulo ukuba abaphandi kuzilandela.

Ukuqhubeka ngaphaya "imvume esekelwe elwazini kuzo zonke" kushiya abaphandi kunye umbuzo onzima: zeziphi iintlobo lemvume ezifunekayo zeziphi iintlobo zophando? Ngokuqhelekileyo, kubekho ingxoxo phambi kakhulu kulo mbuzo, nangona uninzi ke kwimeko uphando zonyango kweminyaka analog. Eshwankathela ukuba iingxoxo, Eyal (2012) uthi:

"Le zomngcipheko ngoncedo, kokukhona ke a-nempembelelo aphezulu okanye olungqalileyo 'ukhetho ezibalulekileyo', kokukhona ke ixabiso-nisindwayo ahlawule, abucala kokukhona indawo emzimbeni ungenelelo nesikuchaphazela ngqo, ngakumbi eyayichasene babajongileyo weprakthishina, okukhona imfuneko imvume robust elwazini. Kwelinye izihlandlo, imfuneko elilungileyo kwaziswa imvume, kwaye ngenene, ngokuba kwemvume naluphi na uhlobo, into encinane. Kwezo zihlandlo, iindleko aphezulu ngokulula azizukunaka imfuneko. "[Ngaphandle ezicatshuliweyo zangaphakathi]

An ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kule ngxoxo ngaphambi kukuba lwemvumelwano eyazisiweyo akuphelelanga okanye nto; kukho kunazo ziyabugqumelela buthathaka kwemvume. Kwezinye iimeko, imvume robust elwazini kubonakala kuyimfuneko, kodwa, kwezinye iimeko, iintlobo buthathaka kwemvume zingaba zezifanelekileyo. Okulandelayo, ndiza ukuchaza iimeko ezintathu apho abaphandi nzima ukufumana imvume esekelwe elwazini kuzo zonke amaqela kunye iinketho ezimbalwa kwezo meko abachaphazelekayo.

Okokuqala, ngamanye amaxesha becela nxaxheba ukunika imvume esekelwe elwazini kunokwandisa iingozi ukuba nayo. Ngokomzekelo, elithile, becela abantu abaphila phantsi oorhulumente wakwa ukunika imvume ukuze ikhompyutha basebenzise Esilinganisa ukuhluza Internet ungakubeka abo bavumelana esichengeni. Xa imvume kukhokelela kumngcipheko, abaphandi bangaqinisekisa ukuba ulwazi malunga benza ntoni na kuluntu yaye ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba nxaxheba ukuphuma. Kwakhona, akaba bafune imvume kumaqela emele nxaxheba (umzekelo, NGOs).

Okwesibini, ngamanye amaxesha ukuba imvume esekelwe elwazini ngokupheleleyo phambi uqalisa isifundo unokubeka engozini ixabiso olwenziwayo. Umzekelo, kwi njengesifo beemvakalelo, ukuba nxaxheba ebesazi ukuba abaphandi babesenza ulingelo malunga neemvakalelo, le nto itshintshileyo nokuziphatha kwabo. Ngokubafihlela inkcazelo nxaxheba, yaye belahlekisa kubo, asinto ingaqhelekanga kuphando lwentlalo, ingakumbi xa bekuhlolwa kwi bengqondo. Ukuba imvume kwaziswa akwenzeki ngaphambi isifundo, abaphandi bebenakho (kwaye zikholisa ukwenza) nxaxheba abuze emva kwesifundo iphelile. Ukubuzisisa jikelele iquka acacise ukuba kwenzeka, ukulungisa nayiphi ekonzakalisweni, kunye nokufumana imvume emva isibakala. Noko ke kukho abathile ingxoxo,, malunga nokuba debriefing kwi eksperimenti endle kufanelekile, ukuba debriefing ngokwayo olunokonakalisa nxaxheba (Finn and Jakobsson 2007) .

Okwesithathu, ngamanye amaxesha benkxaso nzima ukufumana imvume esekelwe elwazini kuzo wonke nefuthe wakho wesifundo. Ngokomzekelo, cinga umphandi onqwenela ukufunda Bitcoin blockchain (Bitcoin yi Crypto-lwemali kunye blockchain na irekhodi yazo zonke iintengiselwano Bitcoin (Narayanan et al. 2016) ). Abanye abantu ukuba ukusebenzisa Bitcoin ulindele kwaye sinqwenela ukungaziwa, kwaye amanye amalungu oluntu Bitcoin ndingayifuni iintlobo ezithile uphando kuluntu lwabo. Ngelishwa, akunakwenzeka ukufumana imvume wonke umntu osebenzisa Bitcoin ngenxa abaninzi aba ngabantu abangaziwayo. Kulo mzekelo, umphandi ungazama qhagamshelana isampuli lwabasebenzisi Bitcoin ucele kwemvume.

Ezi izizathu ezithathu abaphandi usenokungakwazi ukufumana umngcipheko imvume-ukwandisa elwazini, esichengeni iinjongo zophando, kwaye amalungiselelo umda-akunguye izizathu kuphela ukuba abaphandi nzima ukufumana imvume kulwazi. Kwaye, zizisombululo ukuba Ndiye lacebisa-ukwazisa uluntu malunga nophando lwakho, owenza ukuba lokuphuma, efuna imvume wesithathu-amaqela, umothuko, befuna imvume isampulu nxaxheba-kusenokungabikho ndlela kuzo zonke iimeko. Ngaphezu koko, kwanokuba ezi ezinye kunokwenzeka, kodwa ukuze kwanele ukufunda yakho. le mizekelo ntoni bonisa, nangona kunjalo, ukuba imvume esekelwe elwazini akuphelelanga okanye nto, yaye ukuba izisombululo yokudala ukuphucula eseleyo yokuziphatha zophononongo awukwazi ukufumana imvume ngokupheleleyo kulwazi kuwo onke amaqela onempembelelo.

Ukugqibezela, kunokuba "imvume esekelwe elwazini kuzo zonke" abaphandi kufuneka, unako, wenze ukulandela umthetho olunzima kakhulu: ". Uhlobo bokuvuma yezinto ezininzi" imvume Libonakiliswe ngokwemiqathango nemigaqo, kwaziswa akukho kuyimfuneko okanye ezaneleyo imigaqo kwentlonipho Persons [ Humphreys (2015) ; p. 102]. Ngaphezu koko, Ukuhlonela Abantu nje omnye imigaqo ekufuneka alungelelane xa sicinga yokuziphatha zophando; akufanele ngokuzenzekelayo agqabaze Beneficence, Justice, Nokuhlonela Law and Public Inzala, ingongoma ngokuphindaphindiweyo yi iingcaphephe kule minyaka idlulileyo 40 [ Gillon (2015) ; p. 112-113]. Kuvakalisiweyo ngokuphathelele zikhokelo yokuziphatha, kwaziswa imvume ngokuba konke kwindawo ngokugqithiseleyo deontological ewela ixhoba kwiimeko ezifana nebhombu (jonga kwiCandelo 6.5).

Okokugqibela, njengomcimbi enokwenzeka, ukuba ucinga ngokwenza uphando ngaphandle uhlobo imvume, ngoko umele wazi ukuba kwindawo ongwevu. Lumnka. Phinda ujonge ingxoxo esisemgangathweni abaphandi baye ukuze iqhube izifundo umfuniselo calulo ngaphandle kwemvume. Ingaba yokugwetyelwa yakho yomelele? Ngenxa imvume esekelwe elwazini ngundoqo iingcamango ezininzi bandlala ngokweenqobo, ufanele wazi ukuba uya kusenokwenzeka kubizwa ukuthethelela izigqibo zakho.