4.3 : Laba cabbir ah tijaabo: shaybaarka-field iyo analog-digital

Tijaabo Lab bixiyaan gacanta, tijaabo beerta bixiyaan xaqiiqo, iyo tijaabo beerta digital isku gacanta iyo xaqiiqo at qiyaasta.

Tijaabo yimaadaan qaabab iyo qiyaaso badan oo kala duwan. Laakiin, inkastoo ay kala duwan, kuwaas oo, cilmi helnay ku caawiso in uu abaabulo tijaabo ay weheliyaan taxanaha ah ee u dhexeeya tijaabo shaybaarka iyo tijaabo beerta. Hadda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi-waa in sidoo kale abaabuli tijaabo ay weheliyaan taxanaha ah ee u dhexeeya tijaabo analog iyo tijaabo digital. Tani meel design laba dhinac-cabbir kaa caawin doona inaad fahamto liito iyo habab kala duwan ee iyo soo jeedin meelaha fursad weyn (Jaantuska 4.1).

Jaantuska 4.1: Schematic of space design waayo tijaabo. In la soo dhaafay, tijaabo kala duwan oo ay la socdaan aragti shaybaarka-duurka jooga. Haddaba, waxay sidoo kale kala duwan oo ku saabsan aragti analog-digital ah. In my opinion, aagga of fursad weyn waa tijaabo beerta digital.

In la soo dhaafay, jidka weyn ee in cilmi abaabulay tijaabo ahaa oo ay la socdaan aragti shaybaarka-duurka jooga. Inta badan tijaabo ee cilmiga bulshada waa tijaabo shaybaarka halkaas oo ardaydu undergraduate qabashada hawlaha la yaab leh in shaybaar waayo credit dabcan. Noocan ah tijaabo ka taliso cilmi nafsiga maxaa yeelay waxa ay awood cilmi in la abuuro daaweyn gaar ah loogu talagalay in lagu tijaabiyo aragtiyaha aad u gaar ah oo ku saabsan hab-dhaqanka bulshada. Wixii dhibaato gaar ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax uu dareensan yahay waxoogaa la yaab leh oo ku saabsan gunaanad xoog ku saabsan dabeecadda aadanaha ka dadka aan caadi ahayn sida fulinta hawlaha aan caadi ahayn sida in goob aan caadi ahayn sida an. Walaac waxay keentay in dhaqdhaqaaq xagga tijaabo beerta. tijaabo Field isku design adag ee ay tijaabo gacanta kala sooca lahayn kooxaha ka badan wakiil ka qaybgalayaasha, fulinta hawlaha badan yahay, in goobaha dheeraad ah oo dabiici ah.

Inkastoo dadka qaarkood ay ka fekeraan shaybaarka oo beerta tijaabo sida tartamaya hababka, waxaa fiican inaad u malayn of sida hababka kaabaha la awoodaha kala duwan iyo daciifnimo. Tusaale ahaan, Correll, Benard, and Paik (2007) loo isticmaalo labada tijaabo shaybaar iyo tijaabo berrinka ee isku day ah in la helo ilo ka mid ah "rigoore hooyonimo." In Mareykanka ah, hooyooyinka lacag ka yar dumarka u ilmo tirtay, xitaa marka haweenka barbar leh xirfado la mid ah ee ka shaqeeya shaqooyinka la midka ah. Waxaa jira sharaxaad badan oo suurtagal ah in qaabkani, oo ka mid ah waa in loo shaqeeyayaashu u janjeedhaan ka dhanka ah hooyooyinka. (Xiiso leh, soo horjeeda u muuqataa in ay run waayo, awowayaashood, oo waxay u muuqdaan in ay u helaan in ka badan rag gablan barbar dhigi). Si loo qiimeeyo eexda suurto gal ka dhan ah hooyooyinka, Correll iyo asxaabtii orday laba tijaabo: mid ka mid ah shaybaadhka iyo mid ka mid ah oo duurka ku.

First, in tijaabo shaybaar Correll iyo asxaabta u sheegay ka qayb-galayaasha, oo ahaa undergraduate college, in a shirkadda isgaarsiinta bilow-up ku salaysan California waxaa qabashada goobid shaqo ee qofka ku keeni ay waaxda suuq cusub East Coast. Ardayda ayaa sheegay in shirkadda doonayey caawimaaddooda geedi socodka shaqaalaynta iyo la weydiiyey in ay dib u eegaan taariikhda shaqada dhowr musharax ka iman kara iyo in qiimeyn musharaxiinta on tiro ka mid ah dhinacyada sida sirdoonka ay, diirranaan, iyo go'an tahay in ay ka shaqeeyaan. Dheeraad ah, ardayda ayaa la weydiiyay hadii ay kula talin lahaa shaqaaleynta ee codsadaha iyo waxa ay kula talin lahaa sida mushaar bilaabo. Iyadoon waxba ogeyn in ardayda, si kastaba ha ahaatee, taariikhda shaqada ah ayaa si gaar ah loo dhisay in ay la mid marka laga reebo hal shay: qaar ka mid ah taariikhda shaqada ku ishaaray hooyada (by taxay lug ururka waalidka-macalinka a) iyo qaar ka mid ah ma yeeleen. Correll ogaaday in ardayda ahaayeen yar tahay in ay ku talinaynaa shaqaaleysato hooyooyinka iyo iyaga ugu bixiyey mushaar upka hoose. Dheeraad ah, iyada oo loo marayo falanqayn tirakoobka ee labada ratings iyo go'aamada shaqaalaynta la xiriira ee, Correll ogaaday in khasaaraha hooyooyinka 'ayaa inta badan sharxay by xaqiiqada ah in hooyooyinka ayaa lagu qiimeeyo hoose marka la eego aqoonta iyo dadaalka. In si kale loo dhigo, Correll doodaysaa in sifooyin kuwanu waa hab ay kaas oo hooyooyinka dulmanayn. Sidaas darteed, tijaabo shaybaarka this ogol Correll iyo shaqaalaheeda inay ku qiyaasto saamayn sababaha iyo siiyaan sharaxaad suuragal ah in xaalkaas.

Dabcan, waxaa laga yaabaa in mid ka walaacsan gunaanad ku saabsan suuqa oo dhan US shaqada ku salaysan go'aannada dhowr boqol oo undergraduate kuwaas oo u badan tahay waligood shaqo wakhti buuxa, iskaba daa kiraystay dadka. Sidaa darteed, Correll iyo shaqaalaheeda ayaa sidoo kale sameeyay tijaabo beerta dhammaystir ah. Cilmibaadhayaasha ayaa ku jawaabay in ay boqolaal shaqo xayaysiinayaan by diraya in warqado been abuur ah cover iyo taariikhda shaqada. Similar in ay qalabka ku cad in undergraduate ah, taariikhda shaqada qaar ka mid ah ishaaray hooyada iyo qaar ka mid ah ma yeeleen. Correll iyo shaqaalaheeda lagu ogaaday in hooyooyinka ay ahaayeen wax ka yar tahay in loogu yeedhay dib u wareysiyo badan dumarka u ilmo tirtay si siman u qalma. In si kale loo dhigo, loo shaqeeyaha dhabta ah go'aamo dhasha goob dabiici ah u qaatay sida undergraduate ah. Ma go'aamo la mid ah, sababo isku mid? Nasiib darro, garan mayno. cilmi ma ay awoodaan in ay weydiiso shaqeeyayaasha si ay qiimeyn musharax ama sharax go'aanadooda.

Tani joog oo tijaabo daaha ka badan oo ku saabsan shaybaarka oo beerta tijaabo guud ahaan. tijaabo Lab bixiyaan cilmi dhow gacanta guud ee deegaanka ay ka qaybgalayaashu waxaa go'aan qaadashada. Sidaas daraaddeed, tusaale ahaan, in tijaabo shaybaarka, Correll ahaa awoodaan si loo hubiyo in resume oo dhan waxaa lagu akhriyey oo ay goob xasilloon, in tijaabo duurka jooga, qaar ka mid ah taariikhda shaqada laga yaabaa in aan xitaa loo akhriyey. Dheeraad ah, sababtoo ah ka qaybgalayaasha in goob shaybaarka way og yihiin inay la bartay, cilmi inta badan ay awoodaan in ay soo ururiyaan xog dheeraad ah oo kaa caawin kara inay fahmaan sababta ka qaybgalayaasha gaadhayaan go'aamadooda. Tusaale ahaan, Correll weydiiyey ka qayb galayaasha in tijaabo shaybaarka si qiimeyn musharaxiinta on dhinacyada kala duwan. Noocan ah data-socodka caawin kara cilmi fahmaan hababka ka dambeeya kala duwan sida ka qaybgalayaashu daweeyo resume ah.

Dhinaca kale, kuwan sifooyinka dhabta ah isku inaan uun ku tilmaamay faa'iidooyinka ayaa sidoo kale mararka qaarkood loo arkaa khasaaraha. Cilmi jecel tijaabo beerta ku doodaya in ay ka qaybgalayaashu in tijaabo shaybaarka u dhaqmaan si kala duwan markii ay la si dhow u arkay. Tusaale ahaan, in shaybaar ka qaybgalayaasha laga yaabo in ay tijaabiyaan sarcaadka goolka cilmi iyo badala dabeecadooda si aanay u muuqanno sidii aan dhexdhexaad ahayn. Dheeraad ah, cilmi-ka jecel tijaabo beerta laga yaabaa doodaya in kala duwanaanshaha yar on resume istaagi kara kaliya ee aad u nadiif ah, jawi shaybaarka oo Nadiif ah, iyo sidaas tijaabo shaybaarka in ka badan-qiyaasi doonaa saamaynta hooyada go'aamada shaqaalaynta dhabta ah. Ugu dambeyntii, Taageerayaasha badan oo tijaabo beerta dhaleeceeyo tijaabo shaybaarka ku tiirsanaanta ka qaybgalayaasha cajiib ah, inta badan ardayda ka soo Western, bartay, warshadaha, Rich, iyo dalalka Democratic (Henrich, Heine, and Norenzayan 2010) . Tijaabo The by Correll iyo asxaabtii (2007) muujinaya labada dhinacada ku sii shaybaarka-duurka jooga. In u dhexeeya labadan dhinacada waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo naqshado hybrid oo ay ku jiraan habab sida keeno aan ardayda shaybaar ama duurka laakiin weli isagoo ka qaybgalayaashu qabtaan howl aan caadi ahayn.

Waxa intaa dheer in aragti shaybaarka-field in uu jirey ee la soo dhaafay, da'da digital ka dhigan tahay in cilmi hadda aragti labaad oo waaweyn oo ay la socdaan oo tijaabo kala duwanaan karaan, analog-digital. Sida ay jiraan tijaabo saafi ah shaybaarka, tijaabo beerta saafi ah, iyo noocyo kala duwan oo Beelaha ee ka dhexeeya, waxaa jira tijaabooyinka saafi ah analog, tijaabo saafi digital, iyo noocyo kala duwan oo Beelaha. Waxaa adag in ay bixiyaan qeexid rasmi ah aragti taas, laakiin qeexid shaqada waxtar leh waa in tijaabo buuxda digital waa tijaabo ka dhigaya isticmaalka kaabayaasha digital inay qortaan ka qaybgalayaasha, randomize, samatabbixin daaweynta, waxaana la cabbiri doonaa natiijooyinka. Tusaale ahaan, Restivo iyo van de Rijt ee (2012) daraasadda of barnstars iyo Wikipedia ahayd tijaabo buuxda digital, sababtoo ah waxaa loo isticmaalaa hababka digital ah afartii talaabooyinkan. Sidoo kale si buuxda tijaabo analog waa tijaabo ah oo aan ka dhigi isticmaalka kaabayaasha digital kasta oo ka mid ah afar tallaabo. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah tijaabo classic in cilmi nafsiga waa tijaabo analog. In u dhexeeya labadan dhinacada waxaa qayb ahaan waa tijaabo digital in la isticmaalo isku-dar ah nidaamka analog iyo digital ah ee afar tallaabo.

Aadka, fursadaha in uu ordo tijaabo digital ma aha kuwa xaqa online. Cilmi ordi karaan tijaabo qayb digital adigoo isticmaalaya qalab digital adduunka jirka si ay u samatabbixin daaweynta ama loo cabiro natiijada. Tusaale ahaan, cilmi isticmaali kartaa telefoonada smart in samatabbixin daaweynta ama dareemayaal ee deegaanka dhisay si loo cabbiro natiijooyinka. Dhab ahaantii, sida aynu arki doonaa goor dambe oo cutubkan, cilmi horay u isticmaali mitir awood guriga si loo cabbiro natiijada tijaabo ah oo ku saabsan caadooyinka bulshada iyo isticmaalka tamarta ku lug leh 8.5 million qoysaska (Allcott 2015) . Sida qalabka digital noqotay mid ku sii daray dadka noloshooda iyo dareemayaal noqdaan daro deegaanka dhisay, fursado si ay u ordaan tijaabo qayb digital adduunka jirka kordhin doonaa si weyn. In si kale loo dhigo, tijaabo digital ma aha kuwa xaqa tijaabo online.

nidaamyada Digital abuuro fursadaha cusub ee loogu talagalay tijaabo meel kasta oo ay la socdaan sii shaybaarka-duurka jooga. In tijaabo shaybaarka saafi ah, tusaale ahaan, cilmi isticmaali kartaa nidaamka digital waayo cabbirka dhigto dhaqanka qaybgalayaasha; hal tusaale oo noocan ah cabbirka wanaagsanaaday waa qalab indhaha-raad kaas oo bixiya tallaabooyin sax ah oo joogto ah meesha Laabeen. Da'da digital sidoo kale abuuraa suurtogalnimada in uu ordo tijaabo shaybaarka-sida online. Tusaale ahaan, cilmi ayaa si degdeg ah qaatay Amazon Farsamada Turk (MTurk) inay qortaan qayb tijaabo online (Jaantuska 4.2). MTurk kulan "shaqeeyayaasha" kuwaas oo hawlaha u baahan in la dhamaystiro la "shaqaalaha" raba in aad buuxiso hawlaha kuwa lacag. Si ka duwan suuqyada shaqada dhaqanka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, hawlaha caadiga ah ku lug leh waxay u baahan yihiin oo kaliya dhowr daqiiqo si ay u dhamaystiraan iyo is dhexgalka oo dhan u dhexeeya loo shaqeeyaha iyo shaqaalaha waa dalwaddii. Maxaa yeelay, ayadoo MTurk dhinacyada tijaabo-bixinta shaybaarka dhaqanka dadka si ay u dhamaystiraan hawlaha in ay aan samayn lahaa for free-waxaa si dabiici ah ku habboon noocyada qaar ka mid ah tijaabooyinka. Aasaasiyan, MTurk ayaa abuuray kaabayaasha lagu maareeyo balli ka qaybgalayaasha-qoritaanka iyo bixinta dadka iyo cilmi ay ka faa'idaysteen kaabayaasha in ka jaftaa pool ah had iyo jeer laga heli karaa ka qaybgalayaasha.

Jaantuska 4.2: Waraaqaha la daabacay iyadoo la isticmaalayo xogta laga Amazon Farsamada Turk (MTurk) (Bohannon 2016) . MTurk iyo suuqyada kale ee shaqada online bixiyaan cilmi hab ku haboon inay qortaan ka qaybgalayaasha loogu talagalay tijaabo.

tijaabo Digital abuuro fursado badan oo tijaabo field-sida. tijaabo beerta Digital ku siin karaan macluumaadka gacanta iyo habka dhagan in ay fahmaan hababka suurto gal ah (sida tijaabo shaybaarka) iyo ka qaybgalayaasha kala duwan go'aamo dhabta ah ee deegaanka dabiiciga ah (sida tijaabo field). Waxaa intaas dheer in isku darka this of sifooyinka wanaagsan ee tijaabo ka hor, tijaabo beerta digital sidoo kale waxay bixiyaan saddex fursadaha ay adag tahay shaybaarka oo beerta tijaabo analog.

First, halka ugu shaybaarka oo beerta tijaabo analog leeyihiin boqolaal ka qaybgalayaasha, tijaabo beerta digital yeelan karaan malaayiin ka qaybgalayaasha. Tani waxay isbedel ku baaxad waxaa ugu wacan qaar ka mid ah tijaabo digital soo saari karaan xogta at eber kharashka variable. Taasi waa, mar cilmi ku abuuray kaabayaasha ah tijaabo, sii kordhaya tirada ka qayb galayaasha caadi ahaan ma kordhiyo kharashka. Kor u qaadidda tirada ka qaybgalayaasha by qodob ka mid ah 100 ama ka badan ma ahan oo kaliya isbedel taranta, waxaa isbeddel tayo, sababta oo ah waxay awood u cilmi inay ka tijaabo ah (tusaale ahaan, heterogeneity of saamaynta daaweynta) iyo ordi naqshado tijaabo oo gebi ahaanba kala duwan (bartaan waxyaabo kala duwan tusaale ahaan, tijaabo koox weyn). dhibic Tani waa sidaa muhiim, waan soo noqon doonaa in ay dhamaadkii cutubka markii aan bixiyaan talo ku saabsan abuurista tijaabo digital.

Second, halka ugu shaybaarka oo beerta tijaabo analog daweeyo ka qaybgalayaasha sida widgets indistinguishable, tijaabo beerta digital inta badan isticmaalaan macluumaadka asalka ah oo ku saabsan ka qayb-galayaasha in marxaladaha design iyo falanqaynta ee cilmi ah. Macluumaadka asalka Tani, oo la odhan jiray macluumaad-daaweyn pre, waa inta badan laga helaa tijaabo digital maxaa yeelay, waxay ka dhacaan meel deegaan si buuxda u qiyaasay. Tusaale ahaan, cilmi-a ee Facebook ayaa warbixin-daaweyn pre ka sii badan intii cilmibaadhe dhigaayo tijaabo heerka shaybaarka la undergraduate. Tani waxay warbixin-daaweyn pre awood cilmi u guurto ka baxsan daaweynta ka qaybgalayaasha widgets sida indistinguishable. More si gaar ah, warbixin-daaweyn pre awood naqshado-sida ku ool ah tijaabo sida xanibeen (Higgins, Sävje, and Sekhon 2016) iyo qorista qorsheysan ee ka qaybgalayaashu (Eckles, Kizilcec, and Bakshy 2016) kolba falanqaynta-sida dheeraad ah xeeldheer sida qiimaysay of heterogeneity ee saamaynta daaweynta (Athey and Imbens 2016a) iyo sixitaanka covariate for sax hagaagtay (Bloniarz et al. 2016) .

Saddexaad, halka tijaabo badan shaybaarka analog oo beerta samatabbixin daaweynta iyo natiijooyinka qiyaas in qadar xad Tifaftirayaasha waqtiga, qaar ka mid ah tijaabo beerta digital lug daweynada waa la samatabbixin karaan waqti kasta iyo saamaynta ay sidoo kale la qiyaasi karin muddo. Tusaale ahaan, Restivo iyo van de Rijt ayaa tijaabo uu leeyahay natiijada qiyaasay maalin kasta muddo 90 maalmood ah, oo mid ka mid ah tijaabooyinka aan kuu sheegi doonaa ah oo ku saabsan qaybaha danbe (Ferraro, Miranda, and Price 2011) raad natiijooyinka ka badan 3 sano ee asal ahaan lahayn kharashka. Saddexdan fursado-size, macluumaad-daaweyn pre, iyo daaweynta gaadhya iyo natiijada xog-yihiin ugu badan marka tijaabo waxaa maamula on top of mar walba-on nidaamka cabbiraadda (eeg Cutubka 2aad, waayo dheeraad ah oo ku had-on nidaamka cabbirka).

Inkasta oo tijaabo beerta digital bixiyaan fursadaha badan, waxay sidoo kale wadaagaan qaar ka liitaan la shaybaarka analog iyo tijaabo beerta labadaba. Tusaale ahaan, tijaabo ma waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si ay u bartaan la soo dhaafay, oo ay la qiyaaso karaa oo keliya saamaynta daawaynta in la musuq maasuqay karaa. Sidoo kale, in kastoo tijaabo shaki la'aan waa waxtar leh si uu u hago siyaasadda, hanuun saxda ah waxay ku siin karaan waa xoogaa kooban sababta oo ah dhibaatooyin ay ka mid yihiin ku tiirsanaanta deegaanka, dhibaatooyinka waafaqsan, iyo saamaynta hoganaya (Banerjee and Duflo 2009; Deaton 2010) . Ugu dambeyntii, tijaabo beerta digital weynayn ah walaac anshaxa abuuray by tijaabo beerta. Dadka taageersan sharcigan tijaabo beerta buun awoodooda ay unobtrusively iyo kala sooc lahayn fara gelin go'aamada dhasha by malaayiin dad ah sameeyey. Tilmaamo waxay bixiyaan faa'iidooyin sayniska gaar ah, laakiin sidoo kale ay ka dhigi kartaa tijaabo beerta anshaxa oo adag (qabaa inay ku saabsan sida loola dhaqmo dadka cilmi sida "jiir shaybaarka" on baaxadda weyn). Dheeraad ah, marka lagu daro waxyeellooyinka suurto gal ah in ka qayb-galayaasha, tijaabo beerta digital, sababtoo ah qiyaasta, sidoo kale kor u qaadi kartaa welwel ku saabsan carqalad ah ee ka shaqeeya nidaamka bulshada (tusaale ahaan, arrimo ku saabsan la carqaladeeyey howlaha nidaamka abaal Wikipedia haddii Restivo iyo van der Rijt siiyey barnstars aad u badan) .