Hawlaha

Key:

  • degree of dhib, fudud fudud , dhexdhexaad ah dhexdhexaad , adag adag , Aad u adag aad u adag
  • waxay u baahan tahay xisaabta ( waxay u baahan tahay xisaabta )
  • waxay u baahan tahay sireed ( waxay u baahan tahay sireed )
  • xog ururinta ( xog ururinta )
  • ugu cadcad my ( aan jeclaa )

  1. [ dhexdhexaad , aan jeclaa ] Wareeriyay Algorithmic dhibaato la Flu Isbeddellada Google. Read warqada by Lazer et al. (2014) , iyo qori gaaban, email cad u injineer ah ee Google u sharaxay dhibaatada iyo qurbaan fikrad ah sida si uu u xaliyo dhibaatada.

  2. [ dhexdhexaad ] Bollen, Mao, and Zeng (2011) ayaa sheegay in xogta laga Twitter waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in la saadaaliyo suuqa saamiyada. Natiijadan ayaa keentay in la abuuro of a deyr fund-Derwent Capital Suuqyada-in ay maal suuqa saamiyada ku saleysan xogta laga soo ururiyey Twitter (Jordan 2010) . Maxaa caddayn aad rabto in aad ku aragto ka hor inta aad lacag ku fund in?

  3. [ fudud ] Iyada oo qaar ka mid ah dooda caafimaadka dadweynaha baraf e-sigaarka sida gargaar wax ku ool ah la joojiyo sigaar cabidda, kuwa kale ka digay khatarta ka iman karta, sida ku-heerar sare oo nicotine. Ka soo qaad in cilmibaadhis ku go'aansado inuu ka baran opinion dadweynaha xagga e-sigaarka by ururinta e-sigaarka la xiriira posts Twitter iyo qabashada falanqaynta caadifo.

    1. Maxay yihiin saddex eexasho suurto gal ah in aad uga walaacsan nahay daraasaddan?
    2. Clark et al. (2016) orday waxbarasho oo kaliya sida a. First, waxay soo ururiyey 850,000 Twitter in loo isticmaalo keywords e-sigaarka la xiriira ka January 2012 iyada oo loo marayo December 2014. Marka kormeerka dhow, waxay xaqiiqsadeen in in badan oo ka mid ah ayaa Twitter iswada (ie, ma soo saaray by aadanuhu) iyo qaar badan oo ka mid ah tweets iswada ahaayeen muhiimad commercials. Waxay horumariyo a Human Ogaanshaha isku geynta ay u kala soocaan tweets si toos ka tweets organic. Isticmaalka Human this ogaashaha geynta waxay ogaadeen in 80% ee Twitter ayaa iswada. raadinta ma beddeli in ay ka qayb (a) ugu jawaabtey?
    3. Marka la barbar dhigo, waxay ku tiirsan tahay ee tweets organic iyo si toos waxay heleen in Twitter si toos badan yihiin wanaagsan ka tweets organic (6.17 kasoo horjeeddo 5.84). raadinta ma bedesho jawaab (b)?

  4. [ fudud ] In November 2009, Twitter bedelay su'aasha sanduuqa Tweet ka "Maxaad samaynaysaan oo aad?" Si "Maxaa dhacaya?" (Https://blog.twitter.com/2009/whats-happening).

    1. Sidee kula tahay isbedelka of Dardar saamayn doonto kuwaas oo tweet iyo / ama waxa ay tweet?
    2. Magaca hal mashruuc cilmi-baaris oo aad jeclaan lahayd degdeg ah "Maxaad samaynaysaan oo aad?" Sharax sababta.
    3. Magaca hal mashruuc cilmi-baaris oo aad jeclaan lahayd degdeg ah "Maxaa ka dhacaya?" Sharax sababta.

  5. [ dhexdhexaad ] Kwak et al. (2010) falanqeeyay 41.7 million profiles user, 1.47 bilyan oo xiriirka bulshada, 4262 mowduucyo Daalacanayo, iyo 106 million tweets oo u dhexeeya 6-dii June iyo June 31, 2009 Iyadoo ku salaysan falanqaynta waxay soo gabagabeeyey in Twitter adeegaa in sida dhexdhexaad cusub oo macluumaad la wadaago ka badan network bulshada.

    1. Marka la eego natiijada Kwak et al ee, nooca cilmi aad samayn lahaa xogta Twitter? Waa maxay nooca cilmi ma aad samayn lahaa xogta Twitter? Waa maxay sababta?
    2. In 2010, Twitter ku daray a yaa Si Raac adeegga samaynta talo loogu talagalay in dadka isticmaala. Saddex talooyinka waxaa lagu muujiyey waqti bogga ugu weyn. Talooyinka waxaa inta badan laga mid "saaxiibo-of-saaxiibo," iyo xiriirada labada dhinac ayaa sidoo kale la soo bandhigay in jeediyo. Users u raaxayn kartaa in aad aragto set cusub oo talooyin ama booqo bogga a liiska dheer ee talooyinka. Ma u malaynaysaa in this feature cusub oo bedeli lahaa jawaabtaada in ay ka qayb a)? Maxaad ama maxaa diidaya?
    3. Su, Sharma, and Goel (2016) qiimeeyo saamaynta Yaa Si Raac adeegga iyo ogaaday in halka dadka isticmaala guud ahaan spectrum caan ka talooyinka faa'iideystey, ee isticmaala ugu caansan taraysaa ku ool ah ka badan celceliska. raadinta ma bedesho jawaab inay ka qayb b)? Maxaad ama maxaa diidaya?

  6. [ fudud ] "Retweets" ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu cabbiro saameynta iyo faafin of saamaynta on Twitter. Markii hore, dadka isticmaala lahaa in aad nuqulka iyo paste Tweet ay jeclaa, sumad qoraaga asalka la isaga / iyada riixo, oo gacanta ku qor "RT" ka hor inta Tweet ah si ay u muujiyaan in ay twitter ah. Markaas, 2009 Twitter ku daray badhan "Document". In June 2016, Twitter u suurta geliyay in dadka isticmaala inay Document tweets iyaga u gaar ah (https://twitter.com/twitter/status/742749353689780224). Ma u malaynaysaa in isbedel waa in saameyn sida aad u isticmaali "retweets" ee cilmi-baarista? Maxaad ama maxaa diidaya?

  7. [ dhexdhexaad , xog ururinta , waxay u baahan tahay sireed ] Michel et al. (2011) dhisay gulkroppshormon a soo baxaya ka dadaal Google ayaa si digitize buugaagta. Isticmaalka version hore ee gulkroppshormon ah, kaas oo la daabacay 2009 iyo ku jira in ka badan 5 million buugaagta si digital ah, qorayaasha falanqeeyay noqnoqoshada isticmaalka ereyga si ay u baaraan isbedel luqadaha iyo isbeddellada dhaqan. Soon Books cidda qortay Google waxay noqotay il xogta caan ah oo cilmi, iyo version a 2nd of database la sii daayay sanadkii 2012.

    Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Pechenick, Danforth, and Dodds (2015) ka digay in cilmi u baahan tahay in ay si buuxda sifaha habka sampling of gulkroppshormon ah ka hor inta la isticmaalayo waayo gunaanad ballaadhan. Arinka u muhiimsan waa in gulkroppshormon waa maktabad-sida, oo ay ku jiraan mid ka mid ah buug kasta. Sidaas darteed, shaqsi ahaan, qoraaga goolasha waa ay awoodaan in ay dareemi geliso weedho cusub ereyada Google Kutubta. Oo weliba, qoraalada sayniska noqonaya qayb kordheeysa nuxurkiisa gulkroppshormon oo dhan 1900. Intaa waxaa dheer, by barbar laba nooc oo Ingiriisi ah adkayd Fiction, Pechenick et al. cadayn ogaaday in shaandhaynta filnayn waxaa loo isticmaalay in saara version ugu horeysay. Dhammaan xogta loo baahan yahay waxqabad waxaa laga heli karaa halkan: http://storage.googleapis.com/books/ngrams/books/datasetsv2.html

    1. In warqadda asalka ah ee Michel et al. (2011) , waxay isticmaali version 1 of set data Ingiriisi ah, ku dhagreen, inta jeer ee isticmaalka of sano ah "1880", "1912" iyo "1973", oo soo gabagabeeyey in "waxaan nahay halmaamay our ee la soo dhaafay si degdeg ah la sannad kasta marayay "(3A berdihii., Michel et al.). Faa'ideysan goob isku mid ah iyadoo la isticmaalayo 1) version of 1aad gulkroppshormon ah, Ingiriisi dataset (la mid ah sida 3A berdihii., Michel et al.)
    2. Haddaba faa'ideysan goob isku mid ah la version 1aad, Ingiriisi dataset sheekooyin.
    3. Haddaba faa'ideysan goob isku mid ah la version 2-aad ee gulkroppshormon ah, dataset Ingiriisi.
    4. Ugu dambeyntii, faa'ideysan goob isku mid ah la version 2aad, Ingiriisi dataset sheekooyin.
    5. Qeex khilaafaadka iyo isku mid ahaanshaha u dhaxeeya, kuwaas oo afar Dhagri. Ma ku raacsan tahay ee Michel et al. Fasiraadda asalka ah ee dhaqankan arkay? (Tilmaam: c) iyo d) waa in ay la mid ah sida Jaantuska 16 Pechenick et al).
    6. Hadda oo aad ku hirgalin this mid raadinta isticmaalaya duwan corpora Google Books, dooran isbedel kale oo luqadeed ama ifafaale dhaqanka bandhigay warqadda asalka ah ee Michel et al.. Ma ku raacsan tahay ay u macneeyeen iftiinka xadeynta soo bandhigay Pechenick et al.? Si aad u muran xoogan, isku day faa'ideysan garaafka isla isticmaalaya versions kala duwan ee xogta dhigay sida kor ku xusan.

  8. [ aad u adag , xog ururinta , waxay u baahan tahay sireed , aan jeclaa ] Penney (2016) baadhayaa in sumcad baahsan oo ku saabsan NSA socoshada / PRISM (ie, aayaadka Snowden) ee June 2013 waxa uu la xidhiidhaa hoos u af badan oo lama filaan ah in gaadiidka in articles Wikipedia ku saabsan mawduucyo kor walaac gaarka ah. Haddii ay sidaas tahay, is-beddelkaan in dhaqanka noqon lahaa waafaqsan saamayn horjoogsado ka dhasha surveillance mass. Habka of Penney (2016) waxaa mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan ah design taxane waqtiga kala gooyey oo la xiriira hababka ee cutubka ku saabsan Qiyaasidda tijaabo ka data dheehidda (Qaybta 2.4.3).

    Si aad u doorato keywords mawduuca, Penney gudbiyo liiska isticmaalaan US Department of Homeland Security u ah la socodka iyo kormeerka warbaahinta bulshada. Liiska DHS The categorizes shuruudaha search qaarkood galay arimo kala duwan, tusaale ahaan "Concern Health," "Security Kaabayaasha," iyo "Argagixisada." Waayo, kooxda daraasadda, Penney isticmaalay siddeed iyo afartan keywords la xiriira "Argagixisada" (eeg Shaxda 8 Lifaaqa). Ka dibna wuxuu darka Wikipedia article view dacwadood ee ku salysan bishiiba u dhiganta siddeed iyo afartan articles Wikipedia muddo laba iyo soddon bil, tan iyo bilowgii of January 2012 ilaa dhammaadka August 2014. Si loo xoojiyo oo uu muran, sidoo kale wuxuu abuuray dhowr barbardhigo kooxaha by raad views article ku saabsan mawduucyo kale.

    Hadda, aad u faa'ideysan iyo kordhiyo Penney (2016) . Dhammaan xogta ceeriin in aad u baahan doontaa hawshani waa ka Wikipedia (https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/pagecounts-raw/) la heli karo. Ama waxaad ka wikipediatrend ku xirmo R heli kartaa (Meissner and Team 2016) . Marka aad ku qori-up jawaabahaaga, fadlan ogow oo xogta ilaha aad loo isticmaalo. (Fiiro gaar ah: Hawshan isla sidoo kale u muuqataa in cutubka 6)

    1. Read Penney (2016) iyo faa'ideysan Jaantuska 2 taas oo muujinaysa views page for "Argagixisada" pages -related hor iyo ka dib dajinta Snowden ah. U tarjumaan natiijooyinka.
    2. Next, faa'ideysan berdihii 4A, kaas oo la is barbar dhigay kooxda daraasadda ( "Argagixisada" articles -related) la group comparator isticmaalaya keywords kala saaraa ka yar "Hay'adaha DHS & Kale" liiska DHS (eeg Lifaaqa Table 10). U tarjumaan natiijooyinka.
    3. In qayb b) in aad la barbar dhigo koox waxbarasho oo mid ka mid group comparator ah. Penney sidoo kale marka loo eego laba kooxood oo kale comparator: "Security Kaabayaasha" articles -related (Lifaaqa Table 11) iyo bogagga Wikipedia caan ah (Lifaaqa Table 12). fuul leh koox comparator kale, iyo tijaabiyo haddii natiijooyinka ka soo baxay qayb b) waa xasaasi u ah doorashadaada group comparator. Waa kuwee doorashada ee group comparator macno badan? Waa maxay sababta?
    4. Qoraaga ayaa sheegay in keywords la xiriira "Argagixisada" ayaa la isticmaalaa si loo dooro articles Wikipedia sababta oo ah dawladda Maraykanka daliishaday argagixisada sida xaq muhiim ah dhaqanka ay ilaalo online. Sida jeeg oo ka mid ah 48 "Argagixisada" keywords -related, Penney (2016) ayaa sidoo kale la sameeyey baadhitaan ku saabsan MTurk weydiinaya jawaabeyaashu inay qiimeyn kasta oo keywords eego Dhibaato Dowladda, Privacy-xasaasi, iyo fogaansho (Lifaaqa Table 7 iyo 8). Faa'ideysan sahanka on MTurk iyo isbarbar dhig natiijooyinka.
    5. Iyada oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka in qayb d) iyo akhriska maqaalka, ha raacsan tahay doorashada qoraaga ee keywords topic in kooxda daraasadda? Maxaad ama maxaa diidaya? Haddii aan, waxa aad soo jeedin lahaa halkii?

  9. [ fudud ] Efrati (2016) wararka, ku salaysan macluumaad qarsoodi ah, in "wadarta qaybsiga" on Facebook ayaa hoos u dhacay oo ku saabsan 5.5% sanadkii sanadkii halka "qaybsiga warbaahinta asalka ah" hoos u ahayd 21% sanad ka badan sanad. hoos u dhaca Tani waxa ay ahayd gaar ahaan ba'an la isticmaala Facebook ka yar 30 sano jir. Warbixinta ayaa u sabab ah hoos u dhaca si ay u laba arrimood. Mid ka mid ah waa koritaanka in tirada "saaxiibada" dadka waxay leeyihiin on Facebook. kale waxay tahay in qaar ka mid ah hawl-qaybsiga ayaa ku yimiday oo loo fariimaha iyo in tartamaya sida SnapChat. Warbixinta ayaa sidoo kale shaaca ka qaaday xeeladaha dhowr Facebook ayaa isku dayay in uu kor u qaado qaybsiga, oo ay ku jirto uga faaidaysan geynta Feed News dhigi posts asalka dheeraad ah oo caan ah, iyo sidoo kale xasuusin soo noqnoqda ee asalka users "Maalinta Tani" dhowr sano ka hor posts. Waa maxay saamaynta, haddii ay jirto, ma natiijooyinka waxay leeyihiin waayo cilmi kuwaas oo doonaya in ay isticmaalaan Facebook sida il xog ah?

  10. [ dhexdhexaad ] Tumasjan et al. (2010) sheegay tiro in of tweets xusay xisbi siyaasadeed kulan saamiga of votes in xisbiga helay doorashadii baarlamaanka Jarmalka ee 2009 (Jaantuska 2.9). In si kale loo dhigo, waxa muuqatay in aad isticmaali karto Twitter in la saadaaliyo doorashada. Isla mar daraasaddan waxaa la daabacay waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid aad u xiiso badan sababtoo ah waxa ay u muuqatay in ay soo jeedin isticmaalka qaali ah oo il caadiga ah ee xogta weyn.

    Marka la eego sifooyinka xun xogta weyn, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waa in aad isla markiiba u noqon ka walaacsan natiijadan. Jarmalka on Twitter in 2009 ay ahaayeen arrin koox aan wakiil, iyo taageerayaasha mid ka mid ah xisbiga tweet laga yaabaa in ku saabsan siyaasadda marar badan. Sidaas darteed, waxa ay u muuqataa yaab leh in oo dhan eexasho suurto gal ah in aad ka fekeri karaa bartey joojin lahaa. Dhab ahaantii, natiijooyinka ee Tumasjan et al. (2010) soo baxay in ay aad u wanaagsan tahay in uu noqdo mid run ah. In ay warqad, Tumasjan et al. (2010) tixgeliyo lix xisbiyada siyaasadda, Christian Democrats (CDU), Christian xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga (CSU), SPD, Libaraalka (FDP), Left The (dhinta Linke), iyo xisbiga Doogga (Grüne). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xisbiga ugu xusan Jarmal siyaasadeed on Twitter wakhtigaas ahaa xisbiga burcad (Piraten), xaflad in dagaalama xeerka dawladda ee internetka. Marka xisbiga burcad waxaa ka mid ah falanqaynta, Twitter sheegaye noqdo saadaaliye ah kuwa cabsida leh ee natiijada doorashada (Jaantuska 2.9) (Jungherr, Jürgens, and Schoen 2012) .

    Jaantuska 2.9: Twitter sheegaye muuqan in la saadaaliyo natiijada doorashada Jarmal 2009 (Tumasjan et al 2010.), Laakiin natiijada soo baxday in ay ku xiran tahay qaar ka mid ah doorashooyin loo aabo yeelin oo aan cududaar (Jungherr, Jürgens, iyo Schoen 2012).

    Jaantuska 2.9: Twitter sheegaye muuqan in la saadaaliyo natiijada doorashada Jarmal 2009 (Tumasjan et al. 2010) , Laakiin natiijada soo baxday in ay ku xiran tahay qaar ka mid ah doorashooyin loo aabo yeelin oo aan cududaar (Jungherr, Jürgens, and Schoen 2012) .

    Ka dibna, cilmi kale oo caalamka ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa habab-sida fancier sida la isticmaalayo falanqaynta caadifo in la kala saaro togan iyo kuwa taban sheegaye oo ka mid ah dhinacyada-si loo horumariyo awooda xogta Twitter in la saadaaliyo noocyo kala duwan oo noocyo kala duwan oo doorashada (Gayo-Avello 2013; Jungherr 2015, Ch. 7.) . Halkan sida Huberty (2015) soo koobay natiijada oo ka mid ah isku dayga in la saadaaliyo doorashada:

    "Dhamaan hababka oddoroska yaqaan ku salaysan warbaahinta bulshada ayaa ku guuldareysatay markii sakhiray in dalabka run oddoroska doorashooyinka mustaqbalka eegaya. Guuldarrooyin Kuwani u muuqdaan in ay sabab u tahay sifooyinka aasaasiga ah ee warbaahinta bulshada, intii ay ku adag tahay habka ama algorithmic. Marka la soo koobo, warbaahinta bulshada, ma sameeyo, iyo malaha marnaba doonaa, bixiyaan deggan, aan eex lahayn, sawir ka wakiil ah codbixiyayaasha, iyo baarka habboonaan ee warbaahinta bulshada ka maqan xog ku filan si uu u xaliyo dhibaatooyinkan boostada hoc. "

    Read qaar ka mid ah cilmi baaris taas oo u horseedi Huberty (2015) in ay go'aankaas gaadhaan, oo waxaad ku qortaa hal bog qoraal in musharax siyaasadeed ku tilmaamay haddii iyo sida Twitter waa in loo isticmaalaa Saadaasha doorashada.

  11. [ dhexdhexaad ] Waa maxay farqiga u dhexeeya sociologist iyo taariikhyahan ah? Sida laga soo xigtay Goldthorpe (1991) , farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya sociologist iyo taariikhyahan ah waa gacanta xog ururinta. Taariikhyahanada ayaa lagu qasbay in ay isticmaalaan Mala'igtu halka sociologists hanatid karaan xog ururinta si ujeedooyin gaar ah. Read Goldthorpe (1991) . Sidee farqiga u dhexeeya cilmiga iyo taariikhda la xidhiidha fikradda ah Custommades iyo Readymades?

  12. [ adag ] Dhisida su'aasha hore, Goldthorpe (1991) seefqaad ah tiro ka mid ah jawaabaha muhiim ah, oo ay ku jiraan mid ka Nicky Hart (1994) in loolan u kaliyeeli Goldthorpe ee in uu u qaabeeyo xogta sameeyey. Si loo caddeeyo xuduudaha u iman kara xogta dawaarle-dhigay, Hart ku tilmaamay Shaqaalaha Mashruuca loo nicmeeyay, baadhitaan badan oo ah inay ku qiyaasto xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya dabaqadda bulshada iyo codbixinta in ay fuliyeen Goldthorpe iyo asxaabta ee bartamihii 1960-. Sida mid ka aqoonyahan ah oo loogu talagalay fadilay xog badan xogta laga helay ka fili karto, Mashruuca loo nicmeeyay anagu Shaqaalaha ururiyey xogta taas waxaa loogu talo galay in wax laga qabto aragti uu dhawaan jeediyay oo ku saabsan mustaqbalka ee fasalka bulshada ee Zaman ah ee sii kordhaya heerka nolosha. Laakiin, Goldthorpe iyo asxaabtii bartey "halmaamay" si ay u ururiyaan macluumaad ku saabsan hab-dhaqanka cod-bixinta ee haweenka ah. Halkan sida Nicky Hart (1994) goobayaa dhacdo oo dhan:

    ". . . waxaa [waa] adag si looga fogaado soo gunaanaday in dumarka laga saaray sababtoo ah 'dawaarle dhigay' dataset waxaa ku egtahay by macquulka ah paradigmatic oo laga saaray aragnimo dhaddig. Degani riyo ku teori miyir fasalka iyo ficil sida walwalka lab. . . , Goldthorpe iyo asxaabtii uu dhisay go'an of xujooyin taaban karo taas oo quudin iyo waxa kobciya malahooda teori u gaar ah halkii ay iyaga ku tiriska in baaritaan sax ah ee filnaanshaha. "

    Hart raaciyay:

    "Natiijooyinka taaban karo of Project Shaqaalaha loo nicmeeyay anagu badan oo ku saabsan qiyamka masculinist ee cilmiga bartamihii qarnigii-noo sheeg badan ay ku wargeliyaan habka of stratification, siyaasadda iyo nolosha wax."

    Ma xasuusan kartaa tusaalooyin kale oo data dawaarle-dhigay ururinta leeyahay eexasho ah ururiyaha xogta dhisay waxay u geliyey? Sidee this barbardhigaan Wareeriyay algorithmic? Waa maxay saamaynta ku yeelan karaan marka cilmi waa in ay isticmaalaan Readymades iyo goorta ay tahay in ay isticmaalaan Custommades?

  13. [ dhexdhexaad ] Cutubkan, waxaan barbar xogta ay soo uruuriyaan cilmi waayo cilmi leh diiwaanka maamulka abuuray shirkado iyo dowlado. Dadka qaarkood waxay ugu yeedhaan, kuwaas oo diiwaanka maamulka "helay xogta," taas oo ay iska leh "data loogu talagalay." Waa run in diiwaanka maamulka waxaa la helay by cilmi, laakiin waxay sidoo kale heer sare ah loogu talagalay. Tusaale ahaan, shirkadaha casriga casriga ah ku qaataan xaddi weyn oo waqti iyo khayraadka si ay u ururiyaan iyo xogta buuxda ay. Sidaas darteed, kuwaas oo diiwaanka maamulka ayaa labadaba la helay iyo loogu talagalay, waxay ku xiran tahay oo kaliya on your aragti (Jaantuska 2.10).

    Jaantuska 2.10: Sawirka waa labada duck iyo bakayle a; waxa aad aragto waxay ku xiran tahay aragtida. Dowladda iyo ganacsiga diiwaanka maamulka ayaa labadaba la helay iyo loogu talagalay; waxa aad aragto waxay ku xiran tahay aragtida. Tusaale ahaan, diiwaanka xogta call ururiyey by shirkadda taleefanka gacanta waxaa laga helaa xogta laga eego dhinaca cilmi-a. Laakiin, kuwan diiwaanka isla saxda ah waxaa loogu talagalay xogta aragtida qof ka shaqeeya waaxda biilasha shirkadda telefoonka ah. Source: Wikimedia Commons

    Jaantuska 2.10: Sawirka waa labada duck iyo bakayle a; waxa aad aragto waxay ku xiran tahay aragtida. Dowladda iyo ganacsiga diiwaanka maamulka ayaa labadaba la helay iyo loogu talagalay; waxa aad aragto waxay ku xiran tahay aragtida. Tusaale ahaan, diiwaanka xogta call ururiyey by shirkadda taleefanka gacanta waxaa laga helaa xogta laga eego dhinaca cilmi-a. Laakiin, kuwan diiwaanka isla saxda ah waxaa loogu talagalay xogta aragtida qof ka shaqeeya waaxda biilasha shirkadda telefoonka ah. Source: Wikimedia Commons

    Bixi tusaale ka mid ah ilaha xogta meesha arkaan labada sida laga helay oo loogu tala galay waa waxtar leh marka la isticmaalayo ilaha xogta cilmi in.

  14. [ fudud ] In maqaalka ah fekeray, Christian Sandvig iyo Eszter Hargittai (2015) tilmaami laba nooc oo ah cilmi-digital, halkaas oo nidaamka digital waa "qalab" ama "wax waxbarasho." Tusaale ka mid ah nooca ugu horeysay ee daraasadda waxaa halkaas Bengtsson iyo asxaabtii (2011) loo isticmaalo xogta telefoonka gacanta si ay ula socdaan socdaalka dhulgariirkii Haiti ee 2010 ka dib markii tusaale ka mid ah nooca labaad waa meesha Jensen (2007) waxbarashada sida hordhaca ah ee telefoonada gacanta Kerala oo dhan, India saamaysay hawlaha suuqa kalluunka. Waxaan ka heli this waxtar leh, sababtoo ah waxaa caddaynaya in waxbarashada la isticmaalayo ilaha xogta digital yeelan karaan gool arrin oo kala duwan, xitaa haddii ay isticmaalayaan nooc ka mid ah ilaha xogta. Si loo kala soocin waxan sii caddeeyo, waxa ay sharaxayaan afar waxbarashada in aad u aragtay, laba in ay isticmaalaan nidaam digital sida qalab iyo laba in ay isticmaalaan nidaam digital sida shay waxbarasho. Waxaad ka cutubkan isticmaali kartaa tusaalooyin haddii aad rabto.

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