Activities

chinsinsi:

• digiri ya mavuto: zosavuta , sing'anga modzipereka Modzipereka kwambiri
• amafuna masamu ( )
• amafuna wolemba pulogalamu ( )
• zosonkhanitsira deta ( )
• okondedwa anga ( )

1. [ , ] Algorithmic kuthetsa nzeru vuto ndi Google Matenda a Chimfine Trends. Werengani pepala ndi Lazer et al. (2014) , ndi kulemba yochepa, imelo bwino kwa katswiri pa Google kufotokoza vuto ndi kupereka chithunzithunzi cha mmene vutolo.

2. [ ] Bollen, Mao, and Zeng (2011) amanena kuti kafukufuku Twitter angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulosera za momwe malonda akhalire. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti chilengedwe cha tchinga ndalama Derwent Capital Msika kuti aganyali msika katundu yochokera deta ku Twitter (Jordan 2010) . Kodi umboni muyenera kuona pamaso kuika ndalama mu thumba kuti?

3. [ ] Ngakhale kuti anthu ena amalimbikitsa zaumoyo matalala e-ndudu monga chothandiza wogwira mtima kwa fodya kutha, ena amachenjeza za kuopsa osiyanasiyana, monga mkulu-Kuchuluka kwa chikonga. Tayerekezani kuti kafukufuku afuna kuphunzira maganizo a anthu kwa e-ndudu ndi kusonkhanitsa e-ndudu zokhudzana Twitter posts ndi kuchititsa kusanthula mtima.

   1. ndi biases zitatu zotheka kuti ndinu ambiri nkhawa mu phunziroli chiyani?
   2. Clark et al. (2016) anathamanga basi kuphunzira. Choyamba, iwo anasonkhana 850,000 Tweets kuti ntchito e-ndudu zokhudzana mawu kuchokera January 2012 mpaka December 2014. Pa anayendera pafupi, anazindikira kuti ambiri mwa Tweets amenewa makina (ie, sanakhaleko mwa anthu) ndi ambiri Tweets izi makina kwenikweni anali malonda. Iwo anayamba Human kudziwika aligorivimu kupatukana Tweets yodzichitira ku Tweets organic. Ntchito Human izi azindikire aligorivimu anapeza kuti 80% ya Tweets anali makina. Kodi zimenezi kusintha pa yankho lanu gawo (a)?
   3. Pamene iwo poyerekeza mawu mu Tweets organic ndi yodzichitira anapeza kuti Tweets yodzichitira ndi zabwino kuposa Tweets organic (6.17 motsutsana 5.84). Kodi zimenezi kusintha pa yankho lanu (b)?

4. [ ] Mu November 2009, Twitter anasintha funso mu bokosi Tweet ku "Mukutani?" Ndi "Kodi chikuchitika?" (Https://blog.twitter.com/2009/whats-happening).

   1. Kodi mukuganiza kusintha kwa chimakulimbikitsani zingakhudzire amene Tweet ndi / kapena zimene iwo Tweet?
   2. Dzina limodzi ntchito kafukufuku amene mungakonde ndi mwamsanga "Mukutani?" Fotokozani.
   3. Dzina limodzi ntchito kafukufuku amene mungakonde ndi mwamsanga "Kodi chikuchitika?" Fotokozani.

5. [ ] Kwak et al. (2010) kusanthula mbiri miliyoni 41.7 wosuta, biliyoni 1.47 kugona chikhalidwe, 4262 trending nkhani, ndi Tweets miliyoni 106 pakati pa June 6 ndipo June 31, 2009. yachokera pa kusanthula izi anazindikira kuti Twitter akutumikira kwambiri ngati sing'anga latsopano mudziwe nawo kuposa ochezera a pa Intaneti.

   1. Poganizira Kwak neri Al ndi kupeza, zimene mtundu wa kafukufuku inuyo mungatani deta Twitter? Kodi mtundu wa kafukufuku simukanachita deta Twitter? Chifukwa chiyani?
   2. Mu 2010, Twitter anawonjezera ndani kukatsatira utumiki kupanga kumachita amati owerenga. malangizo atatu amaoneka pa nthawi pa tsamba lofikira. Akuikidwa zambiri otengedwa munthu "mabwenzi kwa anzanu," ndi kulankhula mwagwirizana Komanso anasonyeza kuwapempha. Mapulogalamuwanso angathe polimbikitsa kuona atsopano malangizo kapena pitani patsamba ndi mndandanda wautali wa malangizo. Mukuganiza mbali latsopano kusintha pa yankho lanu gawo a)? Chifukwa chiyani?
   3. Su, Sharma, and Goel (2016) ayesedwa zotsatira za ndani kukatsatira utumiki ndipo anapeza kuti pamene owerenga kudutsa kutchuka sipekitiramu anapindula malangizo, ndi owerenga wotchuka kupindula zambiri kuposa ambiri. Kodi zimenezi kusintha pa yankho lanu mbali b)? Chifukwa chiyani?

6. [ ] "Retweets" Nthawi zambiri ntchito kuyeza mphamvu ndi kufalitsa wa chikoka pa Twitter. Poyamba, owerenga anali kukopera ndi muiike wa Tweet iwo ankakonda, m'gulu woyambitsa choyambirira ake / khasu lake, ndipo pamanja kutayipa "RT" pamaso Tweet kuti akusonyeza kuti ndi Collapse. Kenako, mu 2009 Twitter anawonjezera "Collapse" batani. Mu June 2016, Twitter zathandiza kuti owerenga Collapse Tweets awo (https://twitter.com/twitter/status/742749353689780224). Mukuganiza kusintha ayenera zimene mungachite ntchito "retweets" kafukufuku wanu? Chifukwa chiyani?

7. [ , , ] Michel et al. (2011) anamanga corpus kuyambika kwa khama Google kuti digitize mabuku. Pogwiritsa ntchito Baibulo loyamba la corpus, amene inafalitsidwa mu 2009 ndipo ali miliyoni 5 mabuku digitized, olemba kusanthula mawu wakagwiritsidwe pafupipafupi kufufuza kusintha zinenero mumaganiza chikhalidwe. Posachedwapa Google Books Corpus anakhala deta wotchuka gwero kwa akatswiri, ndi 2 Baibulo la Nawonso achichepere ndi linatuluka mu 2012.

   Komabe, Pechenick, Danforth, and Dodds (2015) anachenjeza kuti akatswiri ayenera bwino ndi makhalidwe a zosankhidwazi ndondomeko corpus patsogolo ntchito kwa kuwalingalira waukulu. Nkhani yaikulu ndi kuti corpus ndi laibulale ngati, munali mmodzi wa bukuli. Motero, munthu, wolemba wakhama amatha chimaonekadi amaika mawu atsopano mu Google Books lexicon. Komanso, malemba sayansi kuphatikiza gawo kwambiri substantive wa corpus a mu 1900s ndi. Komanso, poyerekezera awiri mabaibulo English Zabodza datasets, Pechenick neri Al. apeza umboni kuti osakwanira kusefa ankagwiritsa ntchito popanga mabuku oyamba. Zonse zokhudza zinthu zochitira alipo pano: http://storage.googleapis.com/books/ngrams/books/datasetsv2.html

   1. Mu Michel neri Al. Za pepala original (2011) , iwo anagwiritsa ntchito 1 Baibulo la anapereka deta English, anakonza chiwembu pafupipafupi kugwiritsa ntchito zaka "1880", "1912" ndi "1973", ndipo anapeza kuti "ndife ndikuiwala athu akale kuthamanga kudutsa chaka "(mkuyu. 3a, Michel neri Al.). Motsanzira chiwembu chomwecho ntchito 1) 1 buku la corpus, ndi English gulu lazidziwitso (chimodzimodzi monga mkuyu. 3a, Michel neri Al.)
   2. Tsopano motsanzira chiwembu chimodzimodzi ndi Baibulo 1, English zopeka gulu lazidziwitso.
   3. Tsopano motsanzira chiwembu chimodzimodzi ndi Baibulo 2 wa corpus, ndi English gulu lazidziwitso.
   4. Pomaliza, motsanzira chiwembu chimodzimodzi ndi Baibulo 2, English zopeka gulu lazidziwitso.
   5. Fotokozani kusiyana ndi kufanana pakati pa ziwembu anayiwa. Kodi mukugwirizana ndi Michel neri Al. A kutanthauzira original cha zimene zikuchitika liti? (Zokuthandizani: c) ndi d) ayenera kukhala chimodzimodzi monga Chithunzi 16 Pechenick neri Al).
   6. Panopa chitidwe uwu Kupeza ntchito zosiyanasiyana Google Books corpora, kusankha kusintha kwina zinenero kapena zochitika chikhalidwe pokambirana Michel neri Al. Za pepala original. Kodi mukugwirizana ndi kumasulira kwawo mu kuwala zofooka zokambidwa pa Pechenick neri Al. Kuti mfundo chanu, yesetsani motsanzira ndi Zithunzi chomwecho ntchito Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana deta ngati pamwamba.

8. [ , , , ] Penney (2016) ikufotokoza ngati nkhani zotchuka zokhudza NSA / PRISM anaziika (ie, ndi Snowden mavumbulutso) mu June 2013, amagwirizana ndi kuchepa lakuthwa ndipo mwadzidzidzi magalimoto ndi Wikipedia nkhani nkhani kuti kunena nkhawa zachinsinsi. Ngati ndi choncho, kusintha khalidwe adzakhala mogwirizana ndi zotsatira maganizo chifukwa tangoganizirani chifukwa misa anaziika. The njira ya Penney (2016) limatchedwa ndi linasokonekera nthawi zino kapangidwe ndi likugwirizana chikuyandikira m'mutu za approximating zatsopano kuchokera deta taona (Ndime 2.4.3).

   Kusankha mutu Keywords, Penney anatchula mndandanda ntchito ndi dipatimenti ya kwawo Security kwa kutsatira ndi kuyan'anila chikhalidwe TV. Mndandanda DHS categorizes mawu ena kufufuza za nkhani zosiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo "Health Concern," "zomangamanga Security," ndi "Terrorism." Pakuti phunziro la gulu, Penney ntchito Keywords forte-eyiti zokhudzana "Terrorism" (onani Table 8 Kumapeto). Iye ndiye aggregated Wikipedia nkhani view udindo pa mwezi kwa lolingana forte-eyiti Wikipedia nkhani pa nthawi makumi awiri mwezi, kuyambira chiyambi cha January 2012 mpaka kumapeto kwa August 2014. Kuti kulimbikitsa mfundo yake, iye analenganso poyerekeza angapo magulu ndi kutsatira maganizo nkhani nkhani zina.

   Tsopano, mukupita motsanzira ndi zokulitsa Penney (2016) . deta onse yaiwisi kuti muyenera kuti ntchito angathandizidwe ndi Wikipedia (https://dumps.wikimedia.org/other/pagecounts-raw/). Kapena inu mukhoza kutenga izo kwa R phukusi wikipediatrend (Meissner and Team 2016) . Pamene inu kulemba mmwamba mayankho anu, chonde onani zimene deta gwero inu ntchito. (Dziwani: Ntchitoyi lomweli limapezeka Chapter 6)

   1. Werengani Penney (2016) ndi motsanzira Chithunzi 2 lomwe limasonyeza maganizo tsamba la "Terrorism" tsamba -related pambuyo pa Snowden vumbulutso. Kutanthauzira anapezazo lapansi.
   2. Kenako, motsanzira mkuyu 4A, chimene chingafanane phunziro la gulu ( "Terrorism" -related nkhani) ndi gulu comparator ntchito Keywords m'gulu pansi "DHS & Other Mabungwe" pa mndandanda wa DHS (onani Zakumapeto Table 10). Kutanthauzira anapezazo lapansi.
   3. Mu gawo b) inu poyerekeza ndi gulu kuphunzira kwa gulu limodzi comparator. Penney akuyerekezedwanso magulu awiri comparator: "zomangamanga Security" -related nkhani (Zakumapeto Table 11) ndi wotchuka masamba Wikipedia (Zakumapeto Table 12). Kwera njira ina comparator gulu, ndi kuyesa ngati apeza kuchokera mbali b) amakhudzidwa posankha comparator gulu. Amene kusankha comparator gulu yomveka kwambiri? Chifukwa chiyani?
   4. Mlembi ananena kuti mawu zokhudza "Terrorism" ankagwiritsa ntchito kusankha nkhani Wikipedia chifukwa boma US anatchula uchigawenga kulungamitsa kwambiri kwa ntchito zake Intaneti anaziika. Monga cheke cha zimenezi 48 "Terrorism" mawu -related, Penney (2016) komanso anachita kafukufuku pa MTurk kufunsa anafunsidwa kuti timakondanso aliyense Keywords mawu a Mavuto Government, Cisinsi-tcheru, ndi kuyambitsa zobvuta (Zakumapeto Table 7 ndi 8). Motsanzira ndi kafukufuku pa MTurk fanizirani zotsatira.
   5. Yachokera pa zotsatira mu gawo d) ndi kuwerenga kwanu kwa nkhani ino, kodi mukugwirizana ndi kusankha woyambitsa wa nkhani Keywords mu phunziro la gulu? Chifukwa chiyani? Ngati ayi, kodi inu amati mmalo?

9. [ ] Efrati (2016) malipoti, zochokera zachinsinsi, kuti "okwana kugawana" pa Facebook anali anakana ndi chaka za 5.5% pa chaka pamene "original nawo kuwulutsa" anali pansi 21% chaka pa chaka. kusachezera makamaka pachimake ndi ogwiritsa Facebook pa zaka 30 zakubadwa. lipotilo zimachitika kuchepa kwa zinthu ziwiri. Limodzi ndi kukula kwa chiwerengero cha "mabwenzi" anthu on Facebook. The ena ndi ena ntchito nawo wakhala ankatembenukira mauthenga ndi mpikisano monga SnapChat. lipotili linasonyezanso ndi njira zambiri Facebook anayesa mukhale nawo, kuphatikizapo News Amadyetsa aligorivimu tweaks kuti apange posts original zambiri, komanso timakumbutsidwa periodical oyamba posts owerenga "Pa Lero" zaka zingapo zapitazo. zotsatira zimene ngati, kodi anapezazo amenewa kwa akatswiri amene akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito Facebook monga gwero deta?

10. [ ] Tumasjan et al. (2010) inanena kuti chiwerengero cha Tweets kutchula ndale chikufanana chiwerengero cha mavoti kuti chipani analandira pa chisankho aphungu German mu 2009 (Chithunzi 2.9 Nchito). M'mawu ena, zinaoneka mungagwiritse ntchito Twitter kulosera za chisankho. Pa nthawi phunziroli linasindikizidwa izo ankaona yosangalatsa kwambiri chifukwa izo zinkawoneka apereke ntchito wapatali kwa yodziwika deta lalikulu.

    Popeza zinthu zoipa zokhudza lalikulu Komabe, muyenera yomweyo kwenikweni zotsatira zimenezi. Germany pa Twitter mu 2009 anali ndithu si woimira gulu, ndi mbali ya phwando wina akhoza Tweet za ndale kawirikawiri. Choncho, zikuoneka zodabwitsa kuti biases zonse zotheka kuti inu mukanakhoza kulingalira kodi mwanjira kufafaniza. Ndipotu, zotsatira Tumasjan et al. (2010) kunapezeka kuti zabwino kwambiri kukhala yoona. Mu pepala awo, Tumasjan et al. (2010) ankaona asanu zipani: Christian Democrats (CDU), Christian Social Democrats (CSU), SPD, olekerera (FDP), The Kumanzere (Die Linke), ndipo Green Party (Grüne). Komabe, otchulidwa kwambiri German ndale pa Twitter pa nthawiyo anali Pirate Party (Piraten), gulu kuti amalimbana lamulo boma Intaneti. Pamene Party Pirate anaphatikizidwa kuwunika, Twitter anatchula amakhala amakangana lowopsya la zotsatira chisankho (Chithunzi 2.9 Nchito) (Jungherr, Jürgens, and Schoen 2012) .

    

    Kuzilingalira 2.9 Nchito: Twitter anatchula kuoneka kulosera za zotsatira za 2009 chisankho German (Tumasjan et al. 2010) , Koma chifukwa ichi chili odalira ena umasinthasintha ndi popanda kusankha (Jungherr, Jürgens, and Schoen 2012) .

    Kenako, akatswiri ena padziko lonse ankagwiritsa ntchito zoterozo fancier kugwiritsa ntchito kusanthula amaganiza kusiyanitsa zabwino ndi zoipa akutchula za zipani-pofuna kutukula luso deta Twitter kulosera zosiyanasiyana mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chisankho (Gayo-Avello 2013; Jungherr 2015, Ch. 7.) . Apa mmene Huberty (2015) mwachidule zotsatira za chiwembu kulosera chisankho:

    "Onse kudziwika kulosera njira yochokera chikhalidwe TV alephera pamene chinaperekedwa ku zofuna za woona kulosera masankho m'tsogolo. Kulephera zikuoneka kuti chifukwa katundu yaikulu ya chikhalidwe TV, osati mavuto methodological kapena algorithmic. Mwachidule, chikhalidwe TV satero, ndipo mwina sadzatha, kupereka khola, osakondera, woimira picture oponya voti; ndi mayiko zitsanzo za chikhalidwe TV alibe deta okwanira kukonza mavuto amenewa nsanamira hoc. "

    Werengani ena mwa kafukufuku yemwe atsogolere Huberty (2015) kunena zimenezi, ndipo alembe tsamba limodzi memo kuti wakonzekera ndale kufotokoza ngati ndi mmene Twitter ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa olosera chisankho.

11. [ ] Ndi kusiyana kwa Katswiri mbiri ndi chiyani? Malinga Goldthorpe (1991) , kusiyana waukulu pakati pa Katswiri mbiri ndi kulamulira zosonkhanitsira deta. Azambiriyakale amakakamizidwa ntchito zotsalira pamene akatswiri akhoza kukonza kusonkhanitsa awo deta ndi zolinga zenizeni. Werengani Goldthorpe (1991) . Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati Chaanthu ndi mbiri zokhudzana ndi maganizo Custommades ndi Readymades?

12. [ ] Kumanga pa funso yapita, Goldthorpe (1991) adayandikira angapo ovuta, kuphatikizapo ku Nicky Hart (1994) kuti anatsutsa kudzipereka Goldthorpe kuti kukonza deta anapanga. Kulongosola bwino zofooka angathe deta Zopangidwa, Hart anafotokoza olemera Wantchito Project, kafukufuku lalikulu kuyeza ubale magulu a anthu ndipo kukavota kuti kunachitidwa ndi Goldthorpe ndi anzake m'ma 1960. Ngati wina angayembekezere kwa wina amene ankafuna cholinga deta pa deta apeza kuti olemera Wantchito Project adziŵe kuti anali zogwirizana ndikhudze chiphunzitso posachedwapa akufuna tsogolo la kukhala apamwamba mu nyengo za kuwonjezeka miyezo ya moyo. Koma, Goldthorpe ndi anzake mwanjira "anaiwala" deta za kukavota khalidwe la akazi. Apa mmene Nicky Hart (1994) za nkhani yomwe akutchulidwa lonse:

    ". . . izo [ndi] zovuta kupewa kuganiza kuti akazi mulibe chifukwa izi telala zopangidwa 'gulu lazidziwitso anadwala ndi mfundo paradigmatic amene lilibe zinachitikira mkazi. Lotengeka ndi masomphenya ongolankhula a kalasi chikumbumtima ndipo ntchito monga chofunafuna mwamuna. . . , Goldthorpe ndi anzake anamanga ya maumboni wazotsatira amene kudyetsedwa ndi kusamalidwa mfundo zawo ongolankhula m'malo kuvumbula kuti mayeso chomveka wa adequacy. "

    Hart anapitiriza kuti:

    "Zimene apeza wazotsatira wa olemera Wantchito Project amatiuza zambiri za mfundo masculinist cha m'ma m'ma Sociology kuposa kudziwitsa njira ya stratification, ndale ndi moyo chuma."

    Kodi mungakumbukire zitsanzo zina pamene deta Zopangidwa deta ali biases wa wokhometsa deta anamanga mu izo? Kodi zimenezi zikufanana ndi kuthetsa nzeru algorithmic? Kodi zotsatira zimenezi ndi pamene ofufuza ayenera ntchito Readymades ndipo pamene iwo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito Custommades?

13. [ ] Mu chaputala ichi, ine anasiyanitsa deta ndi ofufuza kwa akatswiri mbiri utsogoleri analengedwa ndi makampani ndi maboma. Anthu ena kuwatcha zochitika utsogoleri "anapeza deta," chimene iwo akusiyana ndi "deta cholinga." N'zoona kuti zolemba utsogoleri amapezeka ndi akatswiri, koma amagwiritsidwa kwambiri cholinga. Mwachitsanzo, makampani ano chatekinoloje amawononga ndalama yaikulu kwambiri nthawi ndi chuma kusonkhanitsa ndi curate deta awo. Choncho, zochitika utsogoleri onse opezeka ndi cholinga, izo zimatengera maganizo anu kwa (Chithunzi 2.10).

    

    Chithunzi 2,10: The chithunzi onse bakha ndi kalulu; chimene mukuona zimadalira bwino maganizo anu. Government ndipo ntchito zolemba utsogoleri onse opezeka ndi cholinga; chimene mukuona zimadalira bwino maganizo anu. Mwachitsanzo, mbiri kuitana deta ndi kampani foni zimapezeka deta pa kaonedwe ka katswiriyu. Koma, awa enieni mbiri yemweyo cholinga deta kaonedwe ka munthu ntchito mu dipatimenti zolipiritsa wa kampani foni. Source: Wikimedia Commons

    Chitsanzo gwero deta pamene adawona zonse wopezeka ndi cholinga tikaku- ntchito gwero deta kafukufuku.

14. [ ] Mu nkhani woganiza, Christian Sandvig ndi Eszter Hargittai (2015) pofotokoza za mitundu iwiri kafukufuku digito, pamene dongosolo digito ndi "chida" kapena "chinthu kuphunzira." Chitsanzo yoyambirira yophunzira kumene Bengtsson ndi anzake (2011) ntchito deta foni younikira kusamuka pambuyo pa chivomezi ku Haiti mu 2010. chitsanzo cha mtundu lachiwiri pamene Jensen (2007) maphunziro mmene oyamba a mafoni mu Kerala, India inagunda ntchito kwa msika wa nsomba. Ndimaona zimenezi n'kothandiza chifukwa limamveketsa kuti maphunziro ntchito digito deta magwero akhoza kukhala ndi zolinga zosiyana kwambiri ngakhale ntchito mtundu womwewo wa gwero deta. Pofuna kulongosola momveka kusiyana zimenezi, pofotokoza maphunziro anayi kuti inu mwaziwona: awiri kuti ntchito dongosolo digito monga chida ndi awiri kuti ntchito dongosolo digito chinthu kuphunzira. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo chaputala ichi ngati inu mukufuna.