4.4 Moving tua atu ngā ohie
Kia neke o tua atu ngā ohie. He whai hua hoki ngā taonga e toru ngā ariā: mana, heterogeneity o pānga maimoatanga, me te tikanga.
Kairangahau nei e hou ki ngā maha arotahi ki runga i te, pātai kuiti rawa motuhake: e tenei maimoatanga "mahi"? Hei tauira, e te karanga waea i te tūao whakatenatena te tangata ki te pōti? E huri i tētahi pātene paetukutuku i puru ki te auau pāwhiri-i roto i hua matomato? Kia aroha mai, phrasing wewete e pā ana ki te mea "mahi" te haapouri i te meka e kore e korerotia e tino ngā matatau arotahi koe ranei te maimoatanga "mahi" i roto i te tikanga whānui. Engari, matatau arotahi ngā whakahoki i te pātai nui atu tauwhāiti: he aha te mea te pānga toharite o tenei maimoatanga motuhake ki tenei whakatinanatanga motuhake mō tenei taupori o ngā kaiuru i tenei wa? Ka karanga ahau ngā e arotahi ana ki tenei pātai kuiti ngā ohie.
Ka taea e ngā Simple whakarato mōhiohio nui, engari kore ratou ki te whakahoki kupu maha ngā pātai e te hunga e rua nui, me te ngā pērā i: ko etahi iwi hoki nei i te maimoatanga i reira he pānga nui iti ranei ?; Ko reira tetahi maimoatanga e pai kia whai hua ake ?; a me pehea e pā ana tenei whakamātau ki pāpori ariā whānui?
I roto i te tikanga ki te whakaatu i te uara o te neke tua atu ngā kuware, kia whakaaro o tetahi o toku tino ngā mara tairitenga, he ako e P. Wesley Schultz me hoa i runga i te hononga i waenganui i tikanga pāpori, me te kohi pūngao (Schultz et al. 2007) . whakairihia Schultz me hoa doorhangers runga 300 whare i roto i San Marcos, California, a tukua enei doorhangers karere rerekē hangaia ki te akiaki i te tiaki pūngao. Na, whanganga Schultz me hoa te pānga o ēnei karere ki te kohi hiko, e rua i muri i tetahi wiki, me e toru nga wiki; kite Hoahoa 4.3 mo te whakamārama atu taipitopito o te hoahoa whakamātautau.
Whakaahua 4.3: schematic o hoahoa i Schultz et al. (2007) . Te whakamātau parae i tā te toro e pā ana ki 300 whare i roto i San Marcos, California e rima nga wa i runga i te wā e waru wiki. I runga i ia toro ka mau ā te kairangahau i te pānui i te mita te mana o te whare. I te rua o nga farerei whakanohoia nga kairangahau doorhangers i runga i te whare whakarato ētahi mōhiohio e pā ana ki to ratou whakamahinga pūngao. Te pātai rangahau ko pehea te ihirangi o enei karere e pānga whakamahi pūngao.
e rua ngā āhuatanga i te whakamātau. I roto i te huru tuatahi, riro whare tohutohu faaora pūngao whānui (hei tauira, te whakamahi pā hei utu o conditioners rangi) me te mōhiohio e pā ana te whakamahi pūngao o ratou whare whakaritea ki te toharite o te whakamahi pūngao i roto i to ratou noho. Schultz me hoa huaina tenei te huru normative whakamārama no ngā te mōhiohio e pā ana ki te whakamahi pūngao i roto i to ratou noho mōhiohio e pā ana whanonga angamaheni (arā, he täkupu whakamārama). A, no te titiro Schultz me hoa i te whakamahi pūngao hua i roto i tenei rōpū, puta te maimoatanga ki te kahore pānga, rānei i te wā-poto te wā roa-ranei; i roto i te kupu atu, e kore te maimoatanga i titiro ki "mahi" (Figure 4.4).
Ko, Waimarie, Schultz et al. (2007) kihai i noho hoki tenei tātari taurite. I mua i timata te whakamātau korerorero ratou e ngā kaiwhakamahi taimaha o te hiko-iwi i runga i te tau toharite-ai whakaiti ratou kohi, me e kaiwhakamahi marama o te hiko-iwi i raro i te toharite-ai mau ake i to ratou kohi. A, no te ratou titiro i nga raraunga, e te rite te mea ratou i kitea (Figure 4.4). Ko te kupu, he aha te titiro rite te maimoatanga i he kahore pānga mau he maimoatanga e rua pānga faitoraa. Huaina te kairangahau tenei hua counter-hua i roto i nga kaiwhakamahi marama he pānga boomerang.
Whakaahua 4.4: Hua i Schultz et al. (2007) . E whakaatu ana te röpü tuatahi e te maimoatanga täkupu whakamārama he pea, kore pānga maimoatanga toharite. Heoi, whakaatu ana te rua o nga rōpū e te mau tenei pānga maimoatanga toharite tito o rua pānga faitoraa. No te kaiwhakamahi taimaha, heke te maimoatanga whakamahi engari mo kaiwhakamahi marama, nui te maimoatanga whakamahinga. I te pae hopea, whakaatu te toru o nga rōpū e rua o te maimoatanga, i whakamahia tikanga whakamārama, me te aukati, i whakatuma te taua pānga i runga i ngā kaiwhakamahi taimaha engari whakaitia te pānga boomerang i runga i ngā kaiwhakamahi te marama.
I tua atu, tūmanako Schultz me hoa tenei pea, a i roto i te rua o te huru tohatoha ratou he maimoatanga paku rerekē, kotahi āta hangaia ki te whakakore i te pānga boomerang. Nga whare i roto i te rua o nga huru riro tangohia nga tohutohu maimoatanga-whānui taua pūngao whakaora me te mōhiohio e pā ana te whakamahi pūngao o ratou whare whakaritea ki te ratou noho-ki kotahi tua iti: no te iwi ki te kohi i raro-toharite, te kairangahau tapiritia he :) me mo iwi ki te kohi i runga-toharite tapiritia ratou he :(. hangaia ēnei emoticons i ki tīmata ta huaina te kairangahau tikanga aukati. tikanga aukati kōrero ki tirohanga o te mea kei te whakaaetia (ka kapea) Tena kōrero tikanga faaite ki tirohanga o te mea kei te mahi (Reno, Cialdini, and Kallgren 1993) .
Na roto i te tāpiri i tenei kotahi tohukare-iti, te kairangahau tino heke te pānga boomerang (Figure 4.4). Ko te kupu, na roto i te hanga tenei tetahi ohie huringa-te huringa i ue'i e te ariā waitara pāpori hinengaro (Cialdini, Kallgren, and Reno 1991) i taea ki te tahuri i te hōtaka i tetahi kihai i e titiro ki te mahi ki tetahi, ko te kairangahau e mahi, a, te wā kotahi, i taea ki te whai wāhi ki te māramatanga whānui o te pehea pāpori tikanga pānga whanonga tangata ratou.
I tenei wāhi, Heoi, kia kite koe e ko he bit rerekē e pā ana ki tenei whakamātau te tahi mea. I roto i ngā, e kore e te whakamātautau o Schultz me hoa tino whai i te rōpū mana i roto i te ara ano e randomized te mana mahi ngā. Te whakarite i waenganui i tenei hoahoa me te hoahoa o Restivo me van de Rijt faahoho'a te rerekētanga i waenganui i rua whakaaro nui whakamahia e ngā kairangahau. I roto i waenganui i-kaupapa whakaaro, pērā i Restivo me van de Rijt, i reira he he rōpū maimoatanga me te rōpū mana, a i roto i roto-kaupapa opua te whanonga o ngā kaiuru whakaritea te aroaro o me muri i te maimoatanga (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . I roto i te whakamātau i roto i-raro he reira rite te mea ia kaiuru mahi rite ia ake rōpū mana. Te kaha o waenganui-taumu◊a ko whakaaro he e whakarato ana te reira tiaki ki confounders (rite ahau whakaahuatia mua), ka nui haere te kaha o ngā i roto i-kaupapa te pū i roto i tata. A, no te mahi ia kaiuru rite to ratou mana ake, whakakorea i waenganui-kaiuru rerekētanga te (kite Hangarau Tāpiritanga). Hei atea i tētahi e ka tae mai i muri mai, no te whakahere ahau tohutohu e pā ana ki te hoahoa ngā mamati, i reira he he hoahoa whakamutunga, ka karanga he hoahoa whakauru, e fakatahai te pū ake o whakaaro i roto i-kaupapa, me te tiaki ki veuveuki o whakaaro i waenganui i-kaupapa.
Whakaahua 4.5: E toru whakaaro whakamātautau. Randomized Paerewa ngā mana whakamahi i waenganui-taumu◊a ko whakaaro. He tauira o te hoahoa i waenganui i-kaupapa ko Restivo me a van de Rijt (2012) whakamātau i runga i barnstars me takoha ki Wikipedia: wehea kairangahau matapōkeretia ngā kaiuru ki te maimoatanga me te mana rōpū, ka hoatu e ngā kaiuru i roto i te rōpū maimoatanga he barnstar, ka whakaritea ngā putanga mo te rua rōpū. He momo tuarua o te hoahoa ko te hoahoa i roto i-kaupapa. Nga ngā rua i roto i te Schultz me hoa o (2007) ako i runga i tikanga pāpori, me te whakamahi pūngao whakaatu he hoahoa i roto i-kaupapa: whakaritea kairangahau te whakamahi hiko o ngā kaiuru i mua, me te i muri i te fariiraa i te maimoatanga. I roto i-kaupapa whakaaro whakahere ake pū tauanga mā te whakakore i waenganui i raro whawhai (kite Hangarau Tāpiritanga), engari e tuwhera ki confounders taea (hei tauira, ngā huringa i roto i te rangi i waenganui i te wā i mua-maimoatanga me te maimoatanga) ratou (Greenwald 1976; Charness, Gneezy, and Kuhn 2012) . I roto i-kaupapa he mehua ētahi wā karangatia toutou whakaaro hoki whakaaro. I te pae hopea, te whakakotahi i whakaaro whakauru te pū ake o roto-taumu◊a ko hoahoa me te tiaki ki veuveuki o whakaaro i waenganui i-kaupapa. I roto i te hoahoa whakauru, whakataurite te kairangahau te tauiraa i roto i ngā putanga mō te iwi i roto i te maimoatanga me te mana rōpū. A, no te kē kairangahau mōhiohio mua maimoatanga-, ko te take i roto i te maha ngā mamati rite, he pai ki waenganui i-kaupapa whakaaro no te mea o painga i roto i te pū whakaaro whakauru (kite Hangarau Tāpiritanga).
Whānui, te hoahoa me te hua o Schultz et al. (2007) e whakaatu te uara o te neke tua atu ngā ohie. Aua'e, e kore koutou e hiahia ana ki te waiho i te poto ki te waihanga ngā rite tenei. Kua whakawhanakehia kaipūtaiao pāpori toru ariā e ka ārahi ia koutou ki ngā auaha taonga me te ake: 1) mana, 2) heterogeneity o ngā pānga maimoatanga, me 3) tikanga. Ko, ki te puritia e koe enei whakaaro e toru i roto i te ngakau, ia e te hoahoa koe tou whakamātau, koe e hanga fakanatula ngā atu ngā, me te whai hua. I roto i te tikanga ki te faahoho'ai enei ariā e toru i roto i te mahi, ka whakaahua ahau he maha o ngā mara wāhanga mamati whai-ake i hanga ki runga ki te hoahoa huatau, me hua whakaongaonga i roto i Schultz et al. (2007) . Ka rite ki a koutou e kite, i roto i te hoahoa atu tupato, whakatinanatanga, tātari, me te tikanga, koutou rawa e taea te neke tua atu ngā ohie.
