2.3.1.1 Big

Huinga nui ko te tikanga ki te mutunga; e kore e mutu i roto ia ratou e ratou.

Ko te tuatahi o nga āhuatanga pai e toru o te raraunga nui te te tino kōrero: he raraunga nui enei. Ka taea e ēnei puna raraunga kia nui i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē e toru: he tokomaha te iwi, rota o ngā mōhiohio ia tangata, ranei maha kitenga i runga i te wā. He he huingararaunga nui āhei etahi momo motuhake o te heterogeneity rangahau-whanganga, ako ngā onge, kimi rerekētanga iti, a hanga tata causal i raraunga observational. Te reira i te mea hoki ki te arahi ki te momo motuhake o te sloppiness.

Ko te mea tuatahi mō te i te mea tino whai hua rahi te neke tua atu tauwaenga ki hanga tata mo subgroups motuhake. Hei tauira, Gary Kingi, Jennifer Pan, a Molly Roberts (2013) whanganga te tūponotanga e pai pou pāpāho pāpori i roto i China kia, nāna i tātari i te kāwanatanga. I tahaki e kore he tino āwhina hoki te matauranga aha censors te kāwanatanga etahi pou engari e kore etahi tenei tūponotanga toharite o te mukua. Ko, no te mea ngā ratou huingararaunga 11 miriona pou, hua hoki te Kingi me hoa tata mo te tūponotanga o te aukatinga mō pou ki runga ki 85 ngā kāwai motuhake (hei tauira, te hoho'a faufau, Tibet, me Traffic i Beijing). Na roto i te whakatairite i te tūponotanga o te aukatinga mo pou i roto i ngā kāwai rerekē, i taea ki te mahino atu e pā ana ki te pehea a he aha te kāwanatanga censors etahi momo o pou ratou. Ki te 11 mano pou (nui atu i 11 miriona pou), kua kore i pai i taea ki te whakaputa i enei whakatau tata kāwai-motuhake ratou.

Tuarua, he whai hua hoki te ako o ngā onge rahi. Hei tauira, Goel me hoa (2015) hiahia ki te ako i te ara rerekē tweets e taea te haere viral. No te mea he tino onge-e pā ana ki tetahi i roto i te hūkere nui o te re-tweets 3,000-ratou hiahiatia ki te ako atu i te piriona tweets i roto i te tikanga ki te kitea hūkere nui nui mo to ratou tātaritanga.

A toru, huinga nui taea kairangahau ki te kitea ngā rerekētanga iti. I roto i te meka, nui o te arotahi ki runga i ngā raraunga nui i roto i te ahumahi ko e pā ana ki enei rerekētanga iti: reliably kimi i te rerekētanga i waenganui i te 1% me 1.1% auau pāwhiri-i roto i runga i te pānuitanga e taea te whakamāori ki milioni o tara i roto i te moni anō. I roto i te tahi mau tautuhinga pūtaiao, e kore ai taua rerekētanga iti kia nui ngā (ara, ki te he ratou tauanga nui). Otiia, i roto i te tahi mau tautuhinga kaupapa, taua rerekētanga iti taea riro nui ina tirohia i roto i te töpü. Hei tauira, ki te reira e rua wawaotanga hauora tūmatanui, me te kotahi te paku atu whai hua atu i te tahi atu, ka whakawhiti ki te wawaotanga whai hua ake i taea e mutu ake te tiaki mano o oraraa atu.

I te pae hopea, huinga raraunga nui nui faarahi i to tatou aravihi no te hanga tata causal i raraunga observational. Ahakoa kore e huinga nui faufaa huri te raruraru ki te hanga hīkaro causal i raraunga observational, ōrite me ngā-rua taiao tikanga e kua whakawhanakehia kairangahau mō te hanga kerēme causal i observational raraunga-rua nui hua i huinga nui. Ka whakamārama ahau, ka whakaatu i tenei kereme i roto i te kōrero nui i muri mai i roto i tenei pene, ina whakaahua ahau rautaki rangahau.

Ahakoa he tikanga nanakia he taonga pai, ka whakamahia tika, kua kite ahau e he nanakia nuitia arata'i ki te hapa ariā. No te tahi mau tumu, te mea nanakia ki te arahi kairangahau ki te tau'a ore pehea hangaia ratou raraunga i. Ahakoa he nanakia e whakaiti i te hiahia ki te manukanuka hapa tupurangi, reira mau faarahi te hiahia ki te manukanuka hapa nahanaha, te momo o hapa i ka whakaahua ahau i roto i atu i raro e ara i näianei i roto i pehea e hanga ngā raraunga, me te kohia. I roto i te huingararaunga iti, e rua hapa tupurangi me te hapa nahanaha e taea e nui, engari i roto i te hapa tupurangi huingararaunga nui te taea te Pine atu me te hapa nahanaha ngoi ana. Kairangahau e kore e nei whakaaro e pā ana ki hapa nahanaha ka mutu ake te whakamahi i ratou huinga nui ki te tiki i te tata pū o te mea he; ka waiho ratou ïa hē (McFarland and McFarland 2015) .